Here are pointers on how to use GeneratorHepMC selected by the option -g hepmc for o2-sim.

HepMC event structures can be read from any file format supported by HepMC it self (see here and here.

Reading HepMC files

The generator GeneratorHepMC can read events from a HepMC(3) formatted file. These files can be produced by a standalone event generator program (EG). Examples of such programs are

• Pythia8
• The CRMC suite
• Herwig
• SMASH
• ... and many others

Please refer to the documentation of these for more on how to make event files in the HepMC format.

To make a simulation reading from the file events.hepmc, do

o2-sim -g hepmc --configKeyValues "GeneratorFileOrCmd.fileNames=events.hepmc" ...

See also read.sh.

Reading HepMC events from child process

GeneratorHepMC can not only read HepMC events from a file, but can also spawn an child EG to produce events. Suppose we have a program named eg which is some EG that writes HepMC event records to the standard output. Then we can execute a simulation using this external EG by

o2-sim -g hepmc --configKeyValues "GeneratorFileOrCmd.cmd=eg"

See also child.sh.

There are some requirements on the program eg:

• The EG program must be able to write the HepMC event structures to a specified file. The option passed to the program is specified via the key GeneratorFileOrCmd.outputSwitch. This defaults to > which means the EG program is assumed to write the HepMC event structures to standard output, and that nothing else is printed on standard output.
• It must accept an option to set the number of events to generate. This is controlled by the configuration key GeneratorFileOrCmd.nEventsSwitch and defaults to -n. Thus, the EG application should accept -n 10 to mean that it should generate 10 events, for example.
• The EG application should accept a command line switch to set the random number generator seed. This option is specified via the configuration key GeneratorFileOrCmd.seedSwitch and defaults to -s. Thus, the EG application must accept -s 123456 to mean to set the random number seed to 123456 for example.
• The EG application should accept a command line switch to set the maximum impact parameter (in Fermi-metre) sampled. This is set via the configuration key GeneratorFileOrCmd.bMaxSwithc and defaults to -b. Thus, the EG application should take the command line argument -b 10 to mean that it should only generate events with an impact parameter between 0fm and 10fm.

If a program does not adhere to these requirements, it will often be simple enough to make a small wrapper script that enforce this. For example, crmc will write a lot of information to standard output. We can filter that out via a shell script (crmc.sh) like

#!/bin/sh
crmc $@ -o hepmc3 -f /dev/stdout | sed -n 's/^\(HepMC::\|[EAUWVP] \)/\1/p'

The sed command selects lines that begin with HepMC::, or one of single characters E (event), A (attribute), U (units), W (weight), V (vertex), or P (particle) followed by a space. This should in most cases be enough to filter out extra stuff written on standard output.

The script above also passes any additional command line options on to crmc via $@. We can utilise this with o2-sim to set options to the CRMC suite. For example, if we want to simulate p-Pb collisions using DpmJET, we can do

o2-sim -g hepmc --configKeyValues "GeneratorFileOrCmd.cmd=crmc.sh -m 12 -i2212 -I 1002080820"

Implementation details

Internally GeneratorHepMC

1. creates a unique temporary file name in the working directory,

2. then creates a FIFO (or named pipe, see Wikipedia),

3. builds a command line, e.g.,

    eg options > fifo-name &
   

4. and executes that command line

The configuration keys

The GeneratorHepMC (and sister generator GeneratorTParticle) allows customisation of the execution via configuration keys passed via --configKeyValues

• HepMC.eventsToSkip=number a number events to skip at the beginning of each file read.

• HepMC.prune=boolean if true, then prune events of particles that are not

  • beam particles (status = 4),
  • decayed (status = 2), nor
  • final state (status = 1)

  This reduces the event size. How much depend on the event generator. Use with caution, as it can potentially corrupt the event structure (though measures are taken to minimise that risk).

  In the future, we may want more granular control of which particles to keep. For example, we could have the keys

  • HepMC.keepStatus=list-of-status-codes
  • HepMC.keepPDGs=list-of-pdg-numbers

• HepMC.version - when reading the events from files, this option is no longer needed. The code itself figures out which format version the input file is in. If executing a child process through GeneratorFileOrCmd.cmd and the EG writes out HepMC2 format, then this must be set to 2. Otherwise, HepMC3 is assumed.

• GeneratorFileOrCmd.fileNames=list a comma separated list of HepMC files to read.

• GeneratorFileOrCmd.cmd=command line a command line to execute as a background child process. If this is set (not the empty string), then GeneratorFileOrCmd.fileNames is ignored.

• A number of keys that specifies the command line option switch that the child program accepts for certain things. If any of these are set to the empty string, then that switch and corresponding option value is not passed to the child program.

  • GeneratorFileOrCmd.outputSwitch=switch (default >) to specify output file. The default of > assumes that the program write HepMC events, and only those, to standard output.

  • GeneratorFileOrCmd.seedSwitch=switch (default -s) to specify the random number generator seed. The value passed is selected by the o2-sim option --seed

  • GeneratorFileOrCmd.bMaxSwitch=switch (default -b) to specify the upper limit on the impact parameters sampled. The value passed is selected by the o2-sim option --bMax

  • GeneratorFileOrCmd.nEventsSwitch=switch (default -n) to specify the number of events to generate. The value passed is selected by the o2-sim option --nEvents or (-n)

  • GeneratorFileOrCmd.backgroundSwitch=switch (default &) to specify how the program is put in the background. Typically this should be &, but a program may itself fork to the background.

• Some options are deprecated

  • HepMC.fileName - use GeneratorFileOrCmd.fileNames

The command line build will now be

commandLine nEventsSwitch nEvents seedSwitch seed bMaxSwitch bMax outputSwitch output backgroundSwitch

If any of the Switch keys are empty, then the corresponding option is not propagated to the command line. For example, if bMaxSwitch is empty, then the build command line will be

commandLine nEventsSwitch nEvents seedSwitch seed outputSwitch output backgroundSwitch