From 9899b859922c71790ba634e4eb20655e1d89bc3b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 10:25:22 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/18] chapter2 : run & learn

---
 Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py | 17 +++++++++++++++--
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py
index ef49c69..905b117 100644
--- a/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py	
+++ b/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py	
@@ -1,15 +1,28 @@
 # The following shows different methods of creating a string
+
+##
+#
+##
+
 my_string = "Welcome to Python!"
 another_string = 'The bright red fox jumped the fence.'
 a_long_string = '''This is a
 multi-line string. It covers more than
 one line'''
 
-# this set of strings shows how to mix single and double-quotes
+
+print(a_long_string)
+# Q: this set of strings shows how to mix single and double-quotes
+# A: mixing & nesting the different quotes
 my_string = "I'm a Python programmer!"
 otherString = 'The word "python" usually refers to a snake'
 tripleString = """Here's another way to embed "quotes" in a string"""
 
 # cast an integer to a string using Python's str() class
 my_number = 123
-my_string = str(my_number)
\ No newline at end of file
+my_string = str(my_number)
+
+print(my_number)
+print(my_string)
+# A: you can pass different types to print, without worrying
+print(123, "aaaa", 34.0)
\ No newline at end of file

From c47df67f7f0c061fecea58deb8239797a47fd577 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 10:36:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/18] chapter2 : run & learn

---
 Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py | 16 +++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py
index 905b117..b433fcc 100644
--- a/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py	
+++ b/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py	
@@ -18,8 +18,22 @@
 otherString = 'The word "python" usually refers to a snake'
 tripleString = """Here's another way to embed "quotes" in a string"""
 
-# cast an integer to a string using Python's str() class
+# checking the type
 my_number = 123
+print("type of my_number:", type(my_number))
+
+# checking the id of teh object
+print("id of my_number:", id(my_number))
+
+# re-assign
+my_number = 234
+print("id after re-assignment of my_number:", id(my_number)) # id changed
+
+
+my_number2 = 22.0
+print("type of my_number2:", type(my_number2)) # float
+
+# cast an integer to a string using Python's str() class
 my_string = str(my_number)
 
 print(my_number)

From 0c8bb0e61a23cb8064414606e4362403496ec2b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 10:43:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/18] chapter2 : run & learn

---
 ...ing_strings.py => 2_1_creating_strings.py} | 17 ++++++++++++++++-
 .../2_2_string_concatenation.py               | 19 +++++++++++++++++++
 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_concatenation.py   |  4 ----
 3 files changed, 35 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)
 rename Chapter 2 - Strings/{creating_strings.py => 2_1_creating_strings.py} (79%)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/2_2_string_concatenation.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_concatenation.py

diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_1_creating_strings.py
similarity index 79%
rename from Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py
rename to Chapter 2 - Strings/2_1_creating_strings.py
index b433fcc..263df29 100644
--- a/Chapter 2 - Strings/creating_strings.py	
+++ b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_1_creating_strings.py	
@@ -39,4 +39,19 @@
 print(my_number)
 print(my_string)
 # A: you can pass different types to print, without worrying
-print(123, "aaaa", 34.0)
\ No newline at end of file
+print(123, "aaaa", 34.0)
+
+# run & learn
+
+'''
+This is a
+multi-line string. It covers more than
+one line
+type of my_number: <class 'int'>
+id of my_number: 4304459696
+id after re-assignment of my_number: 4304463248
+type of my_number2: <class 'float'>
+234
+234
+123 aaaa 34.0
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_2_string_concatenation.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_2_string_concatenation.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5eeebb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_2_string_concatenation.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+# the following demonstrates how to join two strings
+string_one = "My dog ate "
+string_two = "my homework!"
+string_three = string_one + string_two
+
+
+# we can go further on
+string_three = string_one + "   " + string_two
+print("string_three:", string_three)
+
+string_three = string_one + ' / ' + string_two
+print("string_three:", string_three)
+
+#run & learn
+
+'''
+string_three: My dog ate    my homework!
+string_three: My dog ate  / my homework!
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_concatenation.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_concatenation.py
deleted file mode 100644
index b080618..0000000
--- a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_concatenation.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# the following demonstrates how to join two strings
-string_one = "My dog ate "
-string_two = "my homework!"
-string_three = string_one + string_two
\ No newline at end of file

From 9bf270c065a3025b655a497e15fd7c87d5574b9f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 11:37:29 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/18] chapter2 : run & learn

---
 Chapter 2 - Strings/2_3_string_methods.py     | 27 +++++++
 Chapter 2 - Strings/2_4_string_slicing.py     | 56 +++++++++++++
 .../2_5_string_substitution.py                | 80 +++++++++++++++++++
 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_methods.py         | 10 ---
 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_slicing.py         | 13 ---
 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_substitution.py    | 54 -------------
 6 files changed, 163 insertions(+), 77 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/2_3_string_methods.py
 create mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/2_4_string_slicing.py
 create mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/2_5_string_substitution.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_methods.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_slicing.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 2 - Strings/string_substitution.py

diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_3_string_methods.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_3_string_methods.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f229273
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_3_string_methods.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+# string methods
+my_string = "This is a string!"
+my_string.upper()  #
+
+print(my_string.upper())
+"This is a string!".upper()
+
+# get a list of string methods
+dir(my_string)
+print(dir(my_string))
+
+# get help
+help(my_string.capitalize)
+
+#  run & learn
+'''
+THIS IS A STRING!
+['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
+Help on built-in function capitalize:
+
+capitalize(...) method of builtins.str instance
+    S.capitalize() -> str
+    
+    Return a capitalized version of S, i.e. make the first character
+    have upper case and the rest lower case.
+
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_4_string_slicing.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_4_string_slicing.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c6a3ba7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_4_string_slicing.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# string slicing
+my_string = "I like Python!"
+
+
+# just the first character but not included the second char
+# 0 --> string length len(my_string) - 1
+print("string length:", len(my_string))
+
+print(my_string[0:1])
+
+#same as
+my_string[:1]
+print(my_string[:1])
+
+my_string[0:12]
+
+my_string[0:13]
+print(my_string[0:13])
+
+my_string[0:14]
+print(my_string[0:14]) # full string
+
+print(my_string[0: len(my_string)])
+
+my_string[0:-5]
+print(my_string[0:-5]) # starts with 0 but end 5 characters before ending
+
+#same as
+print(my_string[0: len(my_string) - 5])
+print(my_string[0: 14 - 5])
+
+# full
+my_string[:]
+print(my_string[:])
+
+#starting with the 3rd char(0, 1, 2) until the end
+my_string[2:]
+print(my_string[2:])
+
+# string indexing
+print(my_string[0])  # prints the first character of the string
+
+'''
+string length: 14
+I
+I
+I like Python
+I like Python!
+I like Python!
+I like Py
+I like Py
+I like Py
+I like Python!
+like Python!
+I
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_5_string_substitution.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_5_string_substitution.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7aaf6ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 2 - Strings/2_5_string_substitution.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+# string substitution
+# or substitution
+
+# the old way
+# $ is the substitution sign (to be inserted soon)
+my_string = "I like %s" % "Python"
+print( my_string) #I like Python
+
+var = "cookies"
+newString = "I like %s" % var
+newString
+print(newString) #I like cookies
+
+another_string = "I like %s and %s" % ("Python", var)
+print(another_string) #I like Python and cookies
+
+# you have to be very specific with what to insert
+# this will cause a TypeError
+# another_string = "I like %s and %s" % "Python"
+
+# this will work
+another_string = "I like %s and %s" % ("Python", "Python")
+print(another_string) #I like Python and Python
+
+# string formatting
+my_string = "%i + %i = %i" % (1,2,3)
+print(my_string)
+
+float_string = "%f" % (1.23)
+float_string
+
+float_string2 = "%.2f" % (1.23)
+float_string2
+
+float_string3 = "%.2f" % (1.237)
+float_string3
+
+# passing bad data raises a TypeError
+#int_float_err = "%i + %f" % ("1", "2.00")
+
+# did you spot the error, then fix
+int_float = "%i + %f" % (1, 2.00)
+print(int_float)
+
+# this is bad too
+#int_float_err = "%i + %f" % (1, "2.00")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------
+# new style of string substitution / formatting
+# pay attention to the syntax: the type is after the paranthesis %(value_to_be_inserted)type_of_value
+print("%(lang)s is fun!" % {"lang":"Python"}) # too verbose?
+# the advantage is that you can reuse the same value to be imserted
+print("%(value)s %(value)s %(value)s !" % {"value":"SPAM"})
+
+# this one won't work!
+# print("%(x)i + %(y)i = %(z)i" % {"x":1, "y":2})
+
+# this is a fix of the previous example
+print("%(x)i + %(y)i = %(z)i" % {"x":1, "y":2, "z":3})
+
+# messing with the order of substitution
+# another variant, without telling the type
+py = "Python is as simple as {0}, {1}, {2}".format("a", "b", "c")
+print(py)
+py = "Python is as simple as {1}, {0}, {2}".format("a", "b", "c")
+print(py)
+
+# careless without type
+py = "Python is as simple as {0}, {1}".format(2, 0.3)
+print(py)
+
+# doing the substitution from a map (dictionary)
+# creating the dict and then doing the substitution by the name of the dictionary
+dick = {"x": 0, "y": 10, "z": 300}
+print("Graph a point at where x={x} and y={y}".format(**dick))
+
+# if the key is missing we have an error : KeyError: 't'
+dick = {"x": 0, "y": 10, "z": 300}
+# print("Graph a point at where x={x} and t={t}".format(**dick))
diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_methods.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_methods.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4eced9f..0000000
--- a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_methods.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-# string methods
-my_string = "This is a string!"
-my_string.upper()  # or print(my_string.upper())
-"This is a string!".upper()
-
-# get a list of string methods
-dir(my_string)
-
-# get help
-help(my_string.capitalize)
diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_slicing.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_slicing.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9ef51df..0000000
--- a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_slicing.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,13 +0,0 @@
-# string slicing
-my_string = "I like Python!"
-my_string[0:1]
-my_string[:1]
-my_string[0:12]
-my_string[0:13]
-my_string[0:14]
-my_string[0:-5]
-my_string[:]
-my_string[2:]
-
-# string indexing
-print(my_string[0])  # prints the first character of the string
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_substitution.py b/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_substitution.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 5c47187..0000000
--- a/Chapter 2 - Strings/string_substitution.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-# string substitution
-
-# the old way
-my_string = "I like %s" % "Python"
-my_string
-
-var = "cookies"
-newString = "I like %s" % var
-newString
-
-
-another_string = "I like %s and %s" % ("Python", var)
-another_string
-
-# this will cause a TypeError
-another_string = "I like %s and %s" % "Python"
-
-# string formatting
-my_string = "%i + %i = %i" % (1,2,3)
-my_string
-
-float_string = "%f" % (1.23)
-float_string
-
-float_string2 = "%.2f" % (1.23)
-float_string2
-
-float_string3 = "%.2f" % (1.237)
-float_string3
-
-# passing bad data raises a TypeError
-int_float_err = "%i + %f" % ("1", "2.00")
-
-# this is bad too
-int_float_err = "%i + %f" % (1, "2.00")
-
-# ---------------------------
-# new style of string substitution / formatting
-print("%(lang)s is fun!" % {"lang":"Python"})
-print("%(value)s %(value)s %(value)s !" % {"value":"SPAM"})
-
-# this one won't work!
-print("%(x)i + %(y)i = %(z)i" % {"x":1, "y":2})
-
-# this is a fix of the previous example
-print("%(x)i + %(y)i = %(z)i" % {"x":1, "y":2, "z":3})
-
-# messing with the order of substitution
-"Python is as simple as {0}, {1}, {2}".format("a", "b", "c")
-"Python is as simple as {1}, {0}, {2}".format("a", "b", "c")
-
-# creating the dict and then doing the substitution
-xy = {"x":0, "y":10}
-print("Graph a point at where x={x} and y={y}".format(**xy))
\ No newline at end of file

From 378f58c789fc708b55f8b5d0d0b420916fb0298b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 12:38:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/18] chapter3 : run & lear

---
 ...{list_examples.py => 3_1_list_examples.py} | 17 ++++---
 .../3_2_tuple_examples.py                     | 44 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../3_3_dict_examples.py                      | 42 ++++++++++++++++++
 .../dict_examples.py                          | 18 --------
 .../tuple_examples.py                         |  7 ---
 5 files changed, 97 insertions(+), 31 deletions(-)
 rename Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/{list_examples.py => 3_1_list_examples.py} (54%)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_2_tuple_examples.py
 create mode 100644 Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_3_dict_examples.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/dict_examples.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/tuple_examples.py

diff --git a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/list_examples.py b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_1_list_examples.py
similarity index 54%
rename from Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/list_examples.py
rename to Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_1_list_examples.py
index c226f41..200470b 100644
--- a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/list_examples.py	
+++ b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_1_list_examples.py	
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # two ways to create an empty list
 my_list = []
-my_list = list()
+my_list = list()  # call to the a method, so you need round parentheses
 
 # examples of lists
 my_list = [1, 2, 3]
@@ -13,20 +13,25 @@
 # combine / extend a list
 combo_list = []
 one_list = [4, 5]
-combo_list.extend(one_list)
+combo_list.extend(one_list) # add what is the one_list to combo_list
+print(combo_list)  # [4, 5]
 
-# or just concatenate the lists together
+# or just concatenate the lists together (as you ar doing with strings)
 my_list = [1, 2, 3]
+print(type(my_list))
 my_list2 = ["a", "b", "c"]
+print(type(my_list2))
 combo_list = my_list + my_list2
+print(combo_list)  # [1, 2, 3, 'a', 'b', 'c']
+print(type(combo_list))
 
-# sort a list
+# sort a list (in place)
 alpha_list = [34, 23, 67, 100, 88, 2]
 alpha_list.sort()
-alpha_list
+print(alpha_list)  # sorted alpha_list [2, 23, 34, 67, 88, 100]
 
 # finding a logic error
 alpha_list = [34, 23, 67, 100, 88, 2]
 sorted_list = alpha_list.sort()
 # the sort method returns a None object as lists sort in-place
-print(sorted_list)
\ No newline at end of file
+print(sorted_list) # None
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_2_tuple_examples.py b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_2_tuple_examples.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31b44ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_2_tuple_examples.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# a few tuple examples
+# to be a tuple(has to have at least 2 values)
+
+my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
+my_tuple[0:3]  # tuple slicing as in strings
+
+another_tuple = tuple()  # creating an empty tuple
+print(another_tuple) # empty tuple
+
+my_tuple2 = (1, "223", 23.0, "abs")
+print(my_tuple2[:])
+
+another_tuple += my_tuple2[:] # adding whole tuple
+print(another_tuple)
+
+# nested tuples
+some_tuple = (another_tuple, "abc")
+print(some_tuple)
+
+# add to a tuple another tuple
+some_tuple += (0, 2, "abc")
+print(some_tuple)
+
+# list -> tuple (pass to the tuple constructor)
+# turn a list into a tuple via casting
+abc = tuple([1, 2, 3])
+
+
+# now we can solve the problem adding just one value
+
+bcd = tuple([1])
+print(bcd)
+
+print(type(bcd))
+
+'''
+()
+(1, '223', 23.0, 'abs')
+(1, '223', 23.0, 'abs')
+((1, '223', 23.0, 'abs'), 'abc')
+((1, '223', 23.0, 'abs'), 'abc', 0, 2, 'abc')
+(1,)
+<class 'tuple'>
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_3_dict_examples.py b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_3_dict_examples.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f7ee921
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/3_3_dict_examples.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+# there are two ways to create a Python dictionary (dict)
+my_dict = {}
+another_dict = dict() #by constructor
+
+# here's an example with the dict containing data
+my_other_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
+
+# add a new key
+my_other_dict["four"] = 4
+print(my_other_dict)
+
+my_other_dict.pop("four")
+print(my_other_dict)
+
+# access values in a dict
+my_other_dict["one"]
+my_dict = {"name": "Mike", "address": "123 Happy Way"}
+
+one_dict = {"one": 1}
+two_dict = {"two": 2}
+one_dict.update( two_dict)
+print(one_dict)
+
+
+# check if a dict has a particular key
+"name" in my_dict  # returns True
+print("name" in my_dict)
+"state" in my_dict  # returns False
+
+# get a view of the keys in a dict
+my_dict.keys()
+print(my_dict.keys())
+print(my_dict.values())
+
+'''
+{'three': 3, 'four': 4, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
+{'three': 3, 'one': 1, 'two': 2}
+{'one': 1, 'two': 2}
+True
+dict_keys(['name', 'address'])
+dict_values(['Mike', '123 Happy Way'])
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/dict_examples.py b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/dict_examples.py
deleted file mode 100644
index a3c7ff4..0000000
--- a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/dict_examples.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,18 +0,0 @@
-# there are two ways to create a Python dictionary (dict)
-my_dict = {}
-another_dict = dict()
-
-# here's an example with the dict containing data
-my_other_dict = {"one":1, "two":2, "three":3}
-
-# access values in a dict
-my_other_dict["one"]
-my_dict = {"name":"Mike", "address":"123 Happy Way"}
-my_dict["name"]
-
-# check if a dict has a particular key
-"name" in my_dict  # returns True
-"state" in my_dict  # returns False
-
-# get a view of the keys in a dict
-my_dict.keys()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/tuple_examples.py b/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/tuple_examples.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 7ba2279..0000000
--- a/Chapter 3 - Lists Dicts Tuples/tuple_examples.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-# a few tuple examples
-my_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
-my_tuple[0:3]  # tuple slicing
-another_tuple = tuple()  # creating an empty tuple
-
-# turn a list into a tuple via casting
-abc = tuple([1, 2, 3])
\ No newline at end of file

From 56a3c384653c52a1b3727895e02aa40af17e17c4 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 13:04:44 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/18] chapter4: run & lear

---
 Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py | 115 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 1 file changed, 114 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py b/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py
index b39d867..62ca4d8 100644
--- a/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py	
+++ b/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py	
@@ -5,5 +5,118 @@
 # another simple  if statement
 var1 = 1
 var2 = 3
+if var1 < var2:
+    print("This is also True")
+
+# some else
 if var1 > var2:
-    print("This is also True")
\ No newline at end of file
+    print("This should not be printed")
+else:
+    print("Ok, that's the good branch")
+
+
+# -1 -----0 -------1
+if var1 < -1:
+    print("not reachable")
+elif var1 <  0:
+    print("not reachable also")
+elif var1 < 1:
+    print("almost there")
+else:
+    print("at last")
+
+
+if var1 < -1:
+    print("not reachable")
+elif var1 <  0:
+    print("not reachable also")
+elif var1 <= 1:
+    print("right there")
+else:
+    print("not reachable ")
+
+# let's make it dynamic
+
+user_says = input("give a price:")
+
+user_says_int = int(user_says)
+
+#simplified
+if 0 < user_says_int <= 10:
+    print("you got the right price, boss")
+elif 10 < user_says_int <= 20:
+    print("that's a lot")
+elif user_says_int >= 20:
+    print("are you nuts?")
+else:
+    print("what?")
+
+# and, or, not
+if (user_says_int > 0 and
+        user_says_int <= 10):
+    print("good price")
+elif user_says_int > 10 and user_says_int < 20:
+    print("that's a lot")
+elif user_says_int >= 20:
+    print("are you nuts?")
+else:
+    print("what?")
+
+if not False:
+    print("ola")
+
+x = 4
+if x != 2:
+    print("boom")
+else:
+    print("kboom")
+
+# in list checking
+my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4]
+x = 10
+if x in my_list :
+    print("gotcha")
+else:
+    print("keep looking")
+
+# checking for Nothing
+# different types (they are evaluated differently !!!!)
+empty_list = []
+empty_map = {}
+empty_string = ""
+nothing = None
+# for ex:
+print(empty_list == None) # False
+
+
+if empty_list == []:
+    print("empty list")
+else:
+    print("something")
+
+# same as
+if empty_list:
+    print(empty_list)
+else:
+    print("something")
+
+
+if not empty_list:
+    print("something")
+else:
+    print("empty")
+
+if not nothing:
+    print("some value exists")
+else:
+    print("absolutely nothing")
+
+
+
+'''
+# execute this code only if this program is executed as standlone file
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    #whatever
+'''
+
+

From f09d5337b07f3e72fb07b385028f9f81af9cea41 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 13:05:06 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/18] chapter4: run & lear

---
 Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py b/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py
index 62ca4d8..02a473c 100644
--- a/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py	
+++ b/Chapter 4 - Conditionals/conditionals.py	
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@
 
 
 '''
-# execute this code only if this program is executed as standlone file
+# execute this code only if this program is executed as standalone file
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     #whatever
 '''

From 47066ebb02018a0bea20b03eaed9b27042177841 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 15:22:02 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/18] chapter5: run & lear

---
 Chapter 5 - Loops/5_1_for_loops.py            | 77 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../{while_loops.py => 5_2_while_loops.py}    | 57 ++++++++------
 Chapter 5 - Loops/for_loops.py                | 34 --------
 3 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 59 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 5 - Loops/5_1_for_loops.py
 rename Chapter 5 - Loops/{while_loops.py => 5_2_while_loops.py} (64%)
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 5 - Loops/for_loops.py

diff --git a/Chapter 5 - Loops/5_1_for_loops.py b/Chapter 5 - Loops/5_1_for_loops.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1250ddb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 5 - Loops/5_1_for_loops.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# built-in
+
+
+list = range(1, 10, 2)
+print(type(list))  # range
+
+# a basic for loop
+for number in range(5):
+    print(number)
+    
+# you can also write the above like this
+for number in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]:
+    print(number)
+    
+# this is how to loop over the keys in a dict
+a_dict = {"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3}
+for key in a_dict:
+    print(key)
+    
+# sort the keys before looping over them
+a_dict = {5: "five",  4: "four", 1: "one", 2: "two", 3: "three"}
+keys = a_dict.keys()  # set and it will order the keys
+print("the keys", keys)
+
+# no need to sort the keys in this case
+sorted(keys)  # only if the key are from the same type at least
+print("the keys", keys)
+
+'''
+the keys dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+the keys dict_keys([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+'''
+
+for key in keys:
+    print(key)
+
+
+b_dict = {"c":  345, "a": 123, "b": 234}
+
+keys = b_dict.keys()
+print("keys", keys)  # keys dict_keys(['c', 'a', 'b'])
+sorted(keys) # will not sort the keys
+print("keys", keys)
+'''
+keys dict_keys(['c', 'a', 'b'])
+keys dict_keys(['c', 'a', 'b'])
+'''
+
+# Let's use a conditional to print out only even numbers
+for number in range(10):
+    if number % 2 == 0:
+        print(number)
+        
+# using the else statement with for
+my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+for i in my_list:
+    if i == 3:
+        print("Item found!")
+        break
+    print(i)
+else:
+    print("Item not found!")
+
+
+
+my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+
+# if the for loop completed successfully
+# then else of the for gets executed
+# otherwise no: the break will break out of the for-else (will skip the else also)
+for i in my_list:
+    if i == 6:
+        print("Item found!")
+        break
+    print(i)
+else:
+    print("Item not found!")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 5 - Loops/while_loops.py b/Chapter 5 - Loops/5_2_while_loops.py
similarity index 64%
rename from Chapter 5 - Loops/while_loops.py
rename to Chapter 5 - Loops/5_2_while_loops.py
index e2d21d5..931a2e8 100644
--- a/Chapter 5 - Loops/while_loops.py	
+++ b/Chapter 5 - Loops/5_2_while_loops.py	
@@ -1,25 +1,32 @@
-# a simple while loop
-i = 0
-while i < 10:
-    print(i)
-    i = i + 1
-  
-# this is how to break out of a loop
-while i < 10:
-    print(i)
-    if i == 5:
-        break
-    i += 1
-    
-# an example of break and continue
-i = 0
-while i < 10:
-    if i == 3:
-        i += 1
-        continue
-    
-    print(i) 
-    
-    if i == 5:
-        break
-    i += 1
\ No newline at end of file
+# a simple while loop
+i = 0
+while i < 10:
+    print(i)
+    i = i + 1
+  
+# this is how to break out of a loop
+while i < 10:
+    print(i)
+    if i == 5:
+        break  # flow control tool
+    i += 1
+    
+# an example of break and continue
+i = 0
+while i < 10:
+    if i == 3:
+        i += 1
+        continue  # the other flow control tool : skip the iteration(continue with the next iteration)
+    
+    print(i) 
+    
+    if i == 5:
+        break
+    i += 1
+'''
+0
+1
+2
+4
+5
+'''
diff --git a/Chapter 5 - Loops/for_loops.py b/Chapter 5 - Loops/for_loops.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 71fc156..0000000
--- a/Chapter 5 - Loops/for_loops.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-# a basic for loop
-for number in range(5):
-    print(number)
-    
-# you can also write the above like this
-for number in [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]:
-    print(number)
-    
-# this is how to loop over the keys in a dict
-a_dict = {"one":1, "two":2, "three":3}
-for key in a_dict:
-    print(key)
-    
-# sort the keys before looping over them
-a_dict = {1:"one", 2:"two", 3:"three"}
-keys = a_dict.keys()
-sorted(keys)
-for key in keys:
-    print(key)
-    
-# Let's use a conditional to print out only even numbers
-for number in range(10):
-    if number % 2 == 0:
-        print(number)
-        
-# using the else statement
-my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
-for i in my_list:
-    if i == 3:
-        print("Item found!")
-        break
-    print(i)
-else:
-    print("Item not found!")
\ No newline at end of file

From 5f0cf644314737845be8f8da94f97177bad98574 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 15:36:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/18] chapter6: run & lear

---
 Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py | 26 ++++++++++++++++----
 1 file changed, 21 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py b/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py
index e05a5c3..c0b973b 100644
--- a/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py	
+++ b/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py	
@@ -1,24 +1,40 @@
 # a simple list comprehension
+# just an one line for loop that produces a Python list data structure
 x = [i for i in range(5)]
+print(x)
 
 # turn a list of strings into a list of ints
 x = ['1', '2', '3', '4', '5']
 y = [int(i) for i in x]
 
+myStringList = [" abc", "    dcf", "efr"]
+
 # strip off all the leading or ending white space
 myStrings = [s.strip() for s in myStringList]
+print(myStrings)
 
 # how to turn a list of lists into one list (flattening)
 vec = [[1,2,3], [4,5,6], [7,8,9]]
-flat_vec = [num for elem in vec for num in elem]
+flat_vec = [num for elem in vec for num in elem]  # just like 2 for , just follow up the num
+flatty = [num for num in vec]
+print(flatty) # printing the vec
+print(flatty == vec) # True
+print(flat_vec)
 
 # a simple dict comprehension
-print( {i: str(i) for i in range(5)} )
+print( {i: str(i) for i in range(5)} ) # just follow the construction {i: str(i) ....  }
+# and then ask yourself where is i coming from: for i in ...
 
 # swapping keys and values with a dict comprehension
-my_dict = {1:"dog", 2:"cat", 3:"hamster"}
-print( {value:key for key, value in my_dict.items()} )
+# work only if the dictionary values are immutable such as strings
+my_dict = {1: "dog", 2: "cat", 3: "hamster"}
+print( {value: key for key, value in my_dict.items()} ) # key is inferred
+# just follow the construction {value: key} for key, value in ... should be the pairs aka my_dict.items()
+# where are the value, key are coming from
 
 # turn a list into a set using a set comprehension
+# something like eliminate the non-distincts from a list
 my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8]
-my_set = {x for x in my_list}
\ No newline at end of file
+my_set = {x for x in my_list}   # set
+print(my_set)
+print(type(my_set))
\ No newline at end of file

From c52f879e0b4d5971be25b588d25def465b86d0c1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 15:54:04 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/18] chapter5: run & learn

---
 Chapter 7 - Exceptions/exceptions.py | 48 +++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/Chapter 7 - Exceptions/exceptions.py b/Chapter 7 - Exceptions/exceptions.py
index ba8e8c3..3842ff9 100644
--- a/Chapter 7 - Exceptions/exceptions.py	
+++ b/Chapter 7 - Exceptions/exceptions.py	
@@ -1,31 +1,39 @@
+# construct try/except
+
+
 # raise a ZeroDivisionError exception
 try:
     1 / 0
 except ZeroDivisionError:
     print("You cannot divide by zero!")
-    
-# this is known as a "bare except"
+
+# this is known as a "bare except":  catch all exceptions
+# not recommended (you don't know what are catching)
 try:
     1 / 0
 except:
     print("You cannot divide by zero!")
-    
+
 # let's raise a KeyError
-my_dict = {"a":1, "b":2, "c":3}
+my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 try:
     value = my_dict["d"]
 except KeyError:
     print("That key does not exist!")
-    
+
 # now let's raise an IndexError
 my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
 try:
     my_list[6]
 except IndexError:
     print("That index is not in the list!")
-    
-# the following shows how to catch multiple exceptions
-my_dict = {"a":1, "b":2, "c":3}
+
+# how to catch
+# multiple exceptions
+# the exceptions are always from the most specific to the less
+# following the basket case
+
+my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 try:
     value = my_dict["d"]
 except IndexError:
@@ -34,35 +42,37 @@
     print("This key is not in the dictionary!")
 except:
     print("Some other error occurred!")
-    
+
 # here's a shorter method of catching multiple exceptions
 try:
     value = my_dict["d"]
-except (IndexError, KeyError):
+except (IndexError, KeyError): # nicer
     print("An IndexError or KeyError occurred!")
-    
+
 # here is an example of the "finally" statement
 # note: the statement following finally always runs
-my_dict = {"a":1, "b":2, "c":3}
+my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 try:
     value = my_dict["d"]
 except KeyError:
     print("A KeyError occurred!")
 finally:
     print("The finally statement has executed!")
-    
+
 # here we learn how to use the "else" statement
-# note: else only runs when no errors occur
-my_dict = {"a":1, "b":2, "c":3}
+# note: else only runs when no errors occur as it is in for-else construct
+# if ran ok then we have an else (SO, NO EXCEPTION then it executes else:)
+# this is finer than finally, which is executed anyway all the tine
+my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 try:
     value = my_dict["a"]
 except KeyError:
     print("A KeyError occurred!")
 else:
     print("No error occurred!")
-    
-# this last example demonstrates both else and finally
-my_dict = {"a":1, "b":2, "c":3}
+
+# this last example demonstrates both else and finally (else before finally)
+my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": 3}
 try:
     value = my_dict["a"]
 except KeyError:
@@ -70,4 +80,4 @@
 else:
     print("No error occurred!")
 finally:
-    print("The finally statement ran!")
\ No newline at end of file
+    print("The finally statement ran!")

From 6c03f9e216362cc1e9a8ec213ebcf0d6a5edfe8c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 18:57:55 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/18] chapter8: run & learn

---
 Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_1_file_io.py | 46 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../{write_file.py => 8_2_write_file.py}      |  2 +-
 .../8_3_open_with.py                          | 15 ++++++
 ...ching_errors.py => 8_4_catching_errors.py} |  5 +-
 ...d_close.py => 8_5_open_read _and_close.py} |  7 ++-
 Chapter 8 - Working with Files/file_io.py     |  8 ----
 Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_with.py   |  4 --
 .../read_in_chunks.py                         | 14 ++++--
 .../read_line_by_line.py                      | 15 +++++-
 9 files changed, 95 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_1_file_io.py
 rename Chapter 8 - Working with Files/{write_file.py => 8_2_write_file.py} (54%)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_3_open_with.py
 rename Chapter 8 - Working with Files/{catching_errors.py => 8_4_catching_errors.py} (64%)
 rename Chapter 8 - Working with Files/{open_and_close.py => 8_5_open_read _and_close.py} (63%)
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 8 - Working with Files/file_io.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_with.py

diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_1_file_io.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_1_file_io.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d63aad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_1_file_io.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# open a file that is in the same folder as this script
+# default mode: read-only
+handle = open("test.txt")
+print(handle)
+handle.close()
+
+# open a file by specifying its path
+# you have to specify the path using raw string, r"path"
+try:
+   handle = open(r"some path", "r")  # explicit read only mode (raw_string, "r")
+except IOError:
+   print("cannot open that")
+
+
+# open the file in read-only binary mode
+handle = open("test.txt", "rb")
+print(handle)
+
+
+# let's read it
+
+data = handle.read()
+print(data) # b'This is a test file\nline 2\nline 3\nthis line intentionally left blank'
+handle.close()
+
+
+handle_text = open("test.txt", "r")
+data  = handle_text.readline()  # read the first line
+handle_text.close()
+print(data)
+
+handle_text = open("test.txt", "r")
+data_all = handle_text.readlines()   # all the lines in a list
+handle_text.close()
+print(data_all) # ['This is a test file\n', 'line 2\n', 'line 3\n', 'this line intentionally left blank']
+
+
+'''
+<_io.TextIOWrapper name='test.txt' mode='r' encoding='US-ASCII'>
+cannot open that
+<_io.BufferedReader name='test.txt'>
+b'This is a test file\nline 2\nline 3\nthis line intentionally left blank'
+This is a test file
+
+['This is a test file\n', 'line 2\n', 'line 3\n', 'this line intentionally left blank']
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/write_file.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_2_write_file.py
similarity index 54%
rename from Chapter 8 - Working with Files/write_file.py
rename to Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_2_write_file.py
index f410841..acddca7 100644
--- a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/write_file.py	
+++ b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_2_write_file.py	
@@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
 handle = open("output.txt", "w")
-handle.write("This is a test!")
+handle.write("This is a f. test! yey")
 handle.close()
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_3_open_with.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_3_open_with.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a99df25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_3_open_with.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# open and read the file using the with operator
+# simplifying the reading and writing
+
+# with creates a CONTEXT MANAGER :
+# automatically closes the file for you when you are done processing
+with open("test.txt") as file_handler:
+    for line in file_handler:
+        print(len(line))
+        print(line)
+# no need to close
+# you can do all the I/O ops as long as you are in the with block
+# after the ops are done and you are out of the with block then the file handler closes.
+
+
+# weird syntax
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/catching_errors.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_4_catching_errors.py
similarity index 64%
rename from Chapter 8 - Working with Files/catching_errors.py
rename to Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_4_catching_errors.py
index b59d424..c2990da 100644
--- a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/catching_errors.py	
+++ b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_4_catching_errors.py	
@@ -6,12 +6,13 @@
 except IOError:
     print("An IOError has occurred!")
 finally:
-    file_handler.close()
+    file_handler.close()  # exactly : we need to take care of closing the handler anyway
     
 # catching errors when using the with operator
+# no need to close the handler anyway, so we don't need the finally for that
 try:
     with open("test.txt") as file_handler:
         for line in file_handler:
             print(line)
 except IOError:
-    print("An IOError has occurred!"
\ No newline at end of file
+    print("An IOError has occurred!")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_and_close.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_5_open_read _and_close.py
similarity index 63%
rename from Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_and_close.py
rename to Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_5_open_read _and_close.py
index 947b113..295f622 100644
--- a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_and_close.py	
+++ b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/8_5_open_read _and_close.py	
@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 # open a file in read-only mode
 handle = open("test.txt", "r")
-# read the data
+# read the data with the handler
 data = handle.read()
 # print it out
 print(data)
+print(type(data)) # str
 # close the file
-handle.close()
\ No newline at end of file
+handle.close()
+
+
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/file_io.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/file_io.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 4a0ac24..0000000
--- a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/file_io.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# open a file that is in the same folder as this script
-handle = open("test.txt")
-
-# open a file by specifying its path
-handle = open(r"C:\Users\mike\py101book\data\test.txt", "r")
-
-# open the file in read-only binary mode
-handle = open("test.pdf", "rb")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_with.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_with.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 2ea04a7..0000000
--- a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/open_with.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-# open and read the file using the with operator
-with open("test.txt") as file_handler:
-    for line in file_handler:
-        print(line)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_in_chunks.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_in_chunks.py
index ee61380..d4e67f3 100644
--- a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_in_chunks.py	
+++ b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_in_chunks.py	
@@ -1,6 +1,14 @@
+# primitive way of reading in chunks
 handle = open("test.txt", "r")
 while True:
-    data = handle.read(1024)
+    data = handle.read(1024)  # that's 1 Kb
     print(data)
-    if not data:
-        break
\ No newline at end of file
+    if not data:  # stop reading when there is no data, otherwise
+        break
+
+''''
+This is a test file
+line 2
+line 3
+this line intentionally left blank
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_line_by_line.py b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_line_by_line.py
index 9e3a79b..314f72a 100644
--- a/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_line_by_line.py	
+++ b/Chapter 8 - Working with Files/read_line_by_line.py	
@@ -1,4 +1,17 @@
 handle = open("test.txt", "r")
+# iterate over the handle, which is cool
 for line in handle:
     print(line)
-handle.close()
\ No newline at end of file
+handle.close()
+
+'''
+This is a test file
+
+line 2
+
+line 3
+
+this line intentionally left blank
+
+Process finished with exit code 0
+'''
\ No newline at end of file

From f490b4447f2535c545840d61e1ae1011ecc77a00 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebastian gherghesanu <sebastian.gherghesanu@tribalworldwide.co.uk>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 19:10:09 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/18] chapter9: run & learn

---
 Chapter 9 - Imports/9_1_this.py | 27 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 Chapter 9 - Imports/9_2_math.py | 17 +++++++++++++++++
 Chapter 9 - Imports/readme.txt  |  4 +++-
 3 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 9 - Imports/9_1_this.py
 create mode 100644 Chapter 9 - Imports/9_2_math.py

diff --git a/Chapter 9 - Imports/9_1_this.py b/Chapter 9 - Imports/9_1_this.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ba6d02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 9 - Imports/9_1_this.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import this
+
+# run & learn
+
+'''
+The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters
+
+Beautiful is better than ugly.
+Explicit is better than implicit.
+Simple is better than complex.
+Complex is better than complicated.
+Flat is better than nested.
+Sparse is better than dense.
+Readability counts.
+Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.
+Although practicality beats purity.
+Errors should never pass silently.
+Unless explicitly silenced.
+In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.
+There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.
+Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.
+Now is better than never.
+Although never is often better than *right* now.
+If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.
+If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.
+Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 9 - Imports/9_2_math.py b/Chapter 9 - Imports/9_2_math.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0286c9e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 9 - Imports/9_2_math.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+#modules
+import math
+
+print(math.sqrt(4))
+# we need to write also the library
+
+
+# no need
+from math import sqrt
+print(sqrt(9))
+
+
+# BAD : shadowing: we change the function sqrt into a variable
+sqrt = 9
+print(sqrt)
+
+# import what you need only and not pollute the namespace with all kind of names you don't know
diff --git a/Chapter 9 - Imports/readme.txt b/Chapter 9 - Imports/readme.txt
index 10768ea..3e86a6a 100644
--- a/Chapter 9 - Imports/readme.txt	
+++ b/Chapter 9 - Imports/readme.txt	
@@ -1 +1,3 @@
-This chapter was skipped because it just demonstrates different ways of importing modules. The examples in chapter 9 should be practiced in IDLE or a Python editor of your choice.
\ No newline at end of file
+This chapter was skipped because it just demonstrates different ways of importing modules.
+ The examples in chapter 9 should be practiced in IDLE or a Python editor of your choice.
+

From 6590c6806a37651d7c18921da68e3e09b8e2f0dd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebutz <sebutz@gmx.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 21:12:32 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/18] chapter 10: run and

---
 .../10_1_simple_function.py                   |  8 +++++
 Chapter 10 - Functions/10_2_stub.py           |  6 ++++
 Chapter 10 - Functions/10_3_add.py            | 29 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../{kw_func.py => 10_4_kw_func.py}           |  3 +-
 .../10_5_args_and_kwargs.py                   | 15 ++++++++++
 .../{kw_func2.py => 10_6_pkw_func2.py}        |  7 +++--
 .../{scope.py => 10_7_scope.py}               |  8 ++---
 Chapter 10 - Functions/add.py                 | 14 ---------
 Chapter 10 - Functions/args_and_kwargs.py     |  5 ----
 Chapter 10 - Functions/scope2.py              | 10 +++----
 Chapter 10 - Functions/simple_function.py     |  3 --
 Chapter 10 - Functions/stub.py                |  2 --
 12 files changed, 73 insertions(+), 37 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/10_1_simple_function.py
 create mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/10_2_stub.py
 create mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/10_3_add.py
 rename Chapter 10 - Functions/{kw_func.py => 10_4_kw_func.py} (84%)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/10_5_args_and_kwargs.py
 rename Chapter 10 - Functions/{kw_func2.py => 10_6_pkw_func2.py} (62%)
 rename Chapter 10 - Functions/{scope.py => 10_7_scope.py} (61%)
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/add.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/args_and_kwargs.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/simple_function.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 10 - Functions/stub.py

diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_1_simple_function.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_1_simple_function.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5318e4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_1_simple_function.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# create a simple function
+# structure you create
+def a_function():
+    print("You just created a function!")
+
+
+# call the function
+a_function()
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_2_stub.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_2_stub.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f39a392
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_2_stub.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+# a stub
+# what's with the pass?
+
+def empty_function():
+    pass  # null operation: nothing happens
+
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_3_add.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_3_add.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2100560
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_3_add.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# adding arguments
+def add(a, b):
+    return a + b
+
+# call the function with arguments
+add(1, 2)
+
+# call the function with the wrong number of arguments
+try:
+    add(1)  # causes a TypeError
+except TypeError:
+    print("wrong nr. of argument ")
+
+
+# call the function with keyword arguments
+# named arguments
+add(a=2, b=3)
+
+
+# assign the result to a variable
+total = add(b=4, a=5)
+print(total)
+
+# deefault arguments
+def add2(a = 2, b = 3):
+    return a + b
+
+print(add2())
+print(add2(10))
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/kw_func.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_4_kw_func.py
similarity index 84%
rename from Chapter 10 - Functions/kw_func.py
rename to Chapter 10 - Functions/10_4_kw_func.py
index ca09806..1995640 100644
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/kw_func.py	
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_4_kw_func.py	
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 # create a function with defaults
+# default arguments
 def keyword_function(a=1, b=2):
     return a+b
 
@@ -6,4 +7,4 @@ def keyword_function(a=1, b=2):
 keyword_function(b=4, a=5)
 
 # call the function without arguments (i.e. use the defaults)
-keyword_function()
\ No newline at end of file
+keyword_function()
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_5_args_and_kwargs.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_5_args_and_kwargs.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d8d115f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_5_args_and_kwargs.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+# infinite number of arguments
+# infinite number of keyword arguments
+def many(*args, **kwargs):
+    print(args) # list
+    print(kwargs)  # dictionary
+    
+res = many(1, 2, 3, name="Mike", job="programmer")
+print("result:", res)
+
+'''
+(1, 2, 3)
+{'name': 'Mike', 'job': 'programmer'}
+result: None
+
+'''
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/kw_func2.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_6_pkw_func2.py
similarity index 62%
rename from Chapter 10 - Functions/kw_func2.py
rename to Chapter 10 - Functions/10_6_pkw_func2.py
index ad271b0..a5b177f 100644
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/kw_func2.py	
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_6_pkw_func2.py	
@@ -2,7 +2,8 @@ def mixed_function(a, b=2, c=3):
     return a+b+c
 
 # call the function with one argument and 2 keyword arguments
-mixed_function(1, b=4, c=5)
-
+res1 = mixed_function(1, b=4, c=5)
+print(res1)
 # call the argument with just the required argument
-mixed_function(1)
\ No newline at end of file
+res2 = mixed_function(1) # b =2, c = 3
+print(res2)
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/scope.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_7_scope.py
similarity index 61%
rename from Chapter 10 - Functions/scope.py
rename to Chapter 10 - Functions/10_7_scope.py
index 546d8ed..c320749 100644
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/scope.py	
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_7_scope.py	
@@ -4,11 +4,11 @@
 def function_a():
     a = 1
     b = 2
-    return a+b
+    return a + b
 
 def function_b():
     c = 3
-    return a+c
-
+ #  return a + c   # NameError , a is not defined
+    return c 
 print( function_a() )
-print( function_b() )
\ No newline at end of file
+print( function_b() )
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/add.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/add.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c273f7b..0000000
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/add.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-def add(a, b):
-    return a + b
-
-# call the function with arguments
-add(1, 2)
-
-# call the function with the wrong number of arguments
-add(1)  # causes a TypeError
-
-# call the function with keyword arguments
-add(a=2, b=3)
-
-# assign the result to a variable
-total = add(b=4, a=5)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/args_and_kwargs.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/args_and_kwargs.py
deleted file mode 100644
index c90a85e..0000000
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/args_and_kwargs.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,5 +0,0 @@
-def many(*args, **kwargs):
-    print(args)
-    print(kwargs)
-    
-many(1, 2, 3, name="Mike", job="programmer")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/scope2.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/scope2.py
index 91abbe8..0d1de0d 100644
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/scope2.py	
+++ b/Chapter 10 - Functions/scope2.py	
@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
 # this script demonstrates how to use a global
-# to fic the scope issue in scope.py
+# to fic the scope issue in 10_7_scope.py
 
 def function_a():
-    global a
+    global a # here
     a = 1
     b = 2
-    return a+b
+    return a + b
 
 def function_b():
     c = 3
-    return a+c
+    return a + c
 
 print(function_a())
-print(function_b())
\ No newline at end of file
+print(function_b())
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/simple_function.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/simple_function.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d5914b1..0000000
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/simple_function.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3 +0,0 @@
-# create a simple function
-def a_function():
-    print("You just created a function!")
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/stub.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/stub.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 61a6746..0000000
--- a/Chapter 10 - Functions/stub.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,2 +0,0 @@
-def empty_function():
-    pass
\ No newline at end of file

From e2457d3bf5b8224611a9e00ba09782b0d67a61fd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: sebutz <sebutz@gmx.com>
Date: Tue, 8 Jan 2019 21:36:31 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/18] chapter 10: run and learn

---
 Chapter 10 - Functions/{scope2.py => 10_7_3_fixing_scope2.py} | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename Chapter 10 - Functions/{scope2.py => 10_7_3_fixing_scope2.py} (100%)

diff --git a/Chapter 10 - Functions/scope2.py b/Chapter 10 - Functions/10_7_3_fixing_scope2.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Chapter 10 - Functions/scope2.py
rename to Chapter 10 - Functions/10_7_3_fixing_scope2.py

From 5589a0057c8fb26abe149c37494c5caf18a0b9ca Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "freemitive@gmx.com" <freemitive@gmx.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 10:43:51 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 15/18] chapter10: run & learn

---
 ..._class_2.x.py => 11_1_simple_class_2.x.py} |  3 +-
 ..._class_3.x.py => 11_2_simple_class_3.x.py} |  0
 .../{vehicle.py => 11_3_vehicle.py}           |  2 +-
 .../{vehicle2.py => 11_4_vehicle2.py}         |  0
 Chapter 11 - Classes/11_5_car_subclass.py     | 46 +++++++++++++++++++
 Chapter 11 - Classes/car_subclass.py          | 19 --------
 6 files changed, 49 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-)
 rename Chapter 11 - Classes/{simple_class_2.x.py => 11_1_simple_class_2.x.py} (86%)
 rename Chapter 11 - Classes/{simple_class_3.x.py => 11_2_simple_class_3.x.py} (100%)
 rename Chapter 11 - Classes/{vehicle.py => 11_3_vehicle.py} (91%)
 rename Chapter 11 - Classes/{vehicle2.py => 11_4_vehicle2.py} (100%)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 11 - Classes/11_5_car_subclass.py
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 11 - Classes/car_subclass.py

diff --git a/Chapter 11 - Classes/simple_class_2.x.py b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_1_simple_class_2.x.py
similarity index 86%
rename from Chapter 11 - Classes/simple_class_2.x.py
rename to Chapter 11 - Classes/11_1_simple_class_2.x.py
index fe4eef4..795b750 100644
--- a/Chapter 11 - Classes/simple_class_2.x.py	
+++ b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_1_simple_class_2.x.py	
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # Python 2.x syntax
 class Vehicle(object):
     """docstring"""
-    
+
+    # constructor
     def __init__(self):
         """Constructor"""
         pass
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 11 - Classes/simple_class_3.x.py b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_2_simple_class_3.x.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Chapter 11 - Classes/simple_class_3.x.py
rename to Chapter 11 - Classes/11_2_simple_class_3.x.py
diff --git a/Chapter 11 - Classes/vehicle.py b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_3_vehicle.py
similarity index 91%
rename from Chapter 11 - Classes/vehicle.py
rename to Chapter 11 - Classes/11_3_vehicle.py
index e06da5b..4a5abc9 100644
--- a/Chapter 11 - Classes/vehicle.py	
+++ b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_3_vehicle.py	
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def drive(self):
         """
         return "I'm driving!"
     
-    
+# what code to run if this file is run as standalone
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     car = Vehicle("blue", 5, 4)
     print(car.color)
diff --git a/Chapter 11 - Classes/vehicle2.py b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_4_vehicle2.py
similarity index 100%
rename from Chapter 11 - Classes/vehicle2.py
rename to Chapter 11 - Classes/11_4_vehicle2.py
diff --git a/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_5_car_subclass.py b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_5_car_subclass.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4056e51
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 11 - Classes/11_5_car_subclass.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# we have to define first the referenced class(the parent class)
+class Vehicle(object):
+    """docstring"""
+
+    def __init__(self, color, doors, tires, vtype):
+        """Constructor"""
+        self.color = color
+        self.doors = doors
+        self.tires = tires
+        self.vtype = vtype
+
+    def brake(self):
+        """
+        Stop the car
+        """
+        return "%s braking" % self.vtype
+
+    def drive(self):
+        """
+        Drive the car
+        """
+        return "I'm driving a %s %s!" % (self.color, self.vtype)
+
+
+
+
+class Car(Vehicle):
+    """
+    The Car class
+    """
+    
+    
+    def brake(self):
+        """
+        Override brake method
+        """
+        return "The car class is breaking slowly!"
+
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    car = Car("yellow", 2, 4, "car")
+    print(car.brake())
+    'The car class is breaking slowly!'
+    print(car.drive())
+    "I'm driving a yellow car!"
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 11 - Classes/car_subclass.py b/Chapter 11 - Classes/car_subclass.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 24ed722..0000000
--- a/Chapter 11 - Classes/car_subclass.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-class Car(Vehicle):
-    """
-    The Car class
-    """
-    
-    
-    def brake(self):
-        """
-        Override brake method
-        """
-        return "The car class is breaking slowly!"
-    
-    
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    car = Car("yellow", 2, 4, "car")
-    car.brake()
-    'The car class is breaking slowly!'
-    car.drive()
-    "I'm driving a yellow car!"
\ No newline at end of file

From 0fa2c6eb03140649000a7245984402c81f0ac798 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "freemitive@gmx.com" <freemitive@gmx.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 10:52:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 16/18] chapter11: run & learn

---
 .../12_1_introspection.py                     | 32 +++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 12 - Introspection/12_1_introspection.py

diff --git a/Chapter 12 - Introspection/12_1_introspection.py b/Chapter 12 - Introspection/12_1_introspection.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eedcf47
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 12 - Introspection/12_1_introspection.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+
+x = "test"
+print(type(x))
+
+y = 7
+print(type(y))
+
+z = None
+print(type(z))
+
+
+'''
+<class 'str'>
+<class 'int'>
+<class 'NoneType'>
+'''
+
+# dir : what arguments can be passed to the object
+# what can you do with that object
+print(dir("test"))
+
+# ['__add__', '__class__', '__contains__', '__delattr__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__getitem__', '__getnewargs__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__iter__', '__le__', '__len__', '__lt__', '__mod__', '__mul__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__rmod__', '__rmul__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', 'capitalize', 'casefold', 'center', 'count', 'encode', 'endswith', 'expandtabs', 'find', 'format', 'format_map', 'index', 'isalnum', 'isalpha', 'isdecimal', 'isdigit', 'isidentifier', 'islower', 'isnumeric', 'isprintable', 'isspace', 'istitle', 'isupper', 'join', 'ljust', 'lower', 'lstrip', 'maketrans', 'partition', 'replace', 'rfind', 'rindex', 'rjust', 'rpartition', 'rsplit', 'rstrip', 'split', 'splitlines', 'startswith', 'strip', 'swapcase', 'title', 'translate', 'upper', 'zfill']
+
+
+#works for a module also
+import sys
+
+print(dir(sys))
+
+# ['__displayhook__', '__doc__', '__excepthook__', '__interactivehook__', '__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', '__stderr__', '__stdin__', '__stdout__', '_clear_type_cache', '_current_frames', '_debugmallocstats', '_getframe', '_home', '_mercurial', '_xoptions', 'abiflags', 'api_version', 'argv', 'base_exec_prefix', 'base_prefix', 'builtin_module_names', 'byteorder', 'call_tracing', 'callstats', 'copyright', 'displayhook', 'dont_write_bytecode', 'exc_info', 'excepthook', 'exec_prefix', 'executable', 'exit', 'flags', 'float_info', 'float_repr_style', 'get_coroutine_wrapper', 'getallocatedblocks', 'getcheckinterval', 'getdefaultencoding', 'getdlopenflags', 'getfilesystemencoding', 'getprofile', 'getrecursionlimit', 'getrefcount', 'getsizeof', 'getswitchinterval', 'gettrace', 'hash_info', 'hexversion', 'implementation', 'int_info', 'intern', 'is_finalizing', 'maxsize', 'maxunicode', 'meta_path', 'modules', 'path', 'path_hooks', 'path_importer_cache', 'platform', 'prefix', 'set_coroutine_wrapper', 'setcheckinterval', 'setdlopenflags', 'setprofile', 'setrecursionlimit', 'setswitchinterval', 'settrace', 'stderr', 'stdin', 'stdout', 'thread_info', 'version', 'version_info', 'warnoptions']
+
+print(help(sys.api_version))
\ No newline at end of file

From da972ba51da06a73484a7a4f044159b22770c19a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "freemitive@gmx.com" <freemitive@gmx.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 11:41:10 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 17/18] chapter13: run & learn

---
 .../{csv_reader.py => 13_1_csv_reader.py}     |  5 +--
 Chapter 13 - csv/13_2_csv_DictReader.py       | 35 +++++++++++++++++++
 .../{csv_writer.py => 13_3_csv_writer.py}     | 15 +++++---
 ...v_dictwriter.py => 13_4_csv_dictwriter.py} | 22 ++++++++----
 Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader2.py               | 14 --------
 5 files changed, 65 insertions(+), 26 deletions(-)
 rename Chapter 13 - csv/{csv_reader.py => 13_1_csv_reader.py} (53%)
 create mode 100644 Chapter 13 - csv/13_2_csv_DictReader.py
 rename Chapter 13 - csv/{csv_writer.py => 13_3_csv_writer.py} (54%)
 rename Chapter 13 - csv/{csv_dictwriter.py => 13_4_csv_dictwriter.py} (59%)
 delete mode 100644 Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader2.py

diff --git a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader.py b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_1_csv_reader.py
similarity index 53%
rename from Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader.py
rename to Chapter 13 - csv/13_1_csv_reader.py
index 1fa9813..3fc90f0 100644
--- a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader.py	
+++ b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_1_csv_reader.py	
@@ -4,9 +4,10 @@ def csv_reader(file_obj):
     """
     Read a csv file
     """
-    reader = csv.reader(file_obj)
+    reader = csv.reader(file_obj) # get a reader object from the file object
+    # the reader object allows iteration
     for row in reader:
-        print(" ".join(row))
+        print(" ".join(row)) # each row is a list of words (commas are not taken into consideration)
     
     
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/Chapter 13 - csv/13_2_csv_DictReader.py b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_2_csv_DictReader.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca46868
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_2_csv_DictReader.py	
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+import csv
+
+'''
+first_name,last_name,address,city,state,zip_code
+Tyrese,Hirthe,1404 Turner Ville,Strackeport,NY,19106-8813
+Jules,Dicki,2410 Estella Cape Suite 061,Lake Nickolasville,ME,00621-7435
+Dedric,Medhurst,6912 Dayna Shoal,Stiedemannberg,SC,43259-2273
+'''
+
+# the first line has the columns name aka the keys
+def csv_dict_reader(file_obj):
+    """
+    Read a CSV file using csv.DictReader
+    """
+    reader = csv.DictReader(file_obj, delimiter=',') # you can give the delimiter
+    for line in reader:
+        print("the line is:", line)
+        print(line["first_name"]),
+        print(line["last_name"])
+        
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    with open("data.csv") as f_obj:
+        csv_dict_reader(f_obj)
+
+'''
+the line is: {'state': 'NY', 'zip_code': '19106-8813', 'city': 'Strackeport', 'last_name': 'Hirthe', 'address': '1404 Turner Ville', 'first_name': 'Tyrese'}
+Tyrese
+Hirthe
+the line is: {'state': 'ME', 'zip_code': '00621-7435', 'city': 'Lake Nickolasville', 'last_name': 'Dicki', 'address': '2410 Estella Cape Suite 061', 'first_name': 'Jules'}
+Jules
+Dicki
+the line is: {'state': 'SC', 'zip_code': '43259-2273', 'city': 'Stiedemannberg', 'last_name': 'Medhurst', 'address': '6912 Dayna Shoal', 'first_name': 'Dedric'}
+Dedric
+Medhurst
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_writer.py b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_3_csv_writer.py
similarity index 54%
rename from Chapter 13 - csv/csv_writer.py
rename to Chapter 13 - csv/13_3_csv_writer.py
index af0baa5..acb0a00 100644
--- a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_writer.py	
+++ b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_3_csv_writer.py	
@@ -4,10 +4,10 @@ def csv_writer(data, path):
     """
     Write data to a CSV file path
     """
-    with open(path, "w", newline='') as csv_file:
-        writer = csv.writer(csv_file, delimiter=',')
+    with open(path, "w", newline='') as csv_file: # open for writing
+        writer = csv.writer(csv_file, delimiter=',') # delimiter
         for line in data:
-            writer.writerow(line)
+            writer.writerow(line)  # write row after row
             
 if __name__ == "__main__":
     data = ["first_name,last_name,city".split(","),
@@ -16,4 +16,11 @@ def csv_writer(data, path):
             "Dedric,Medhurst,Stiedemannberg".split(",")
             ]
     path = "output.csv"
-    csv_writer(data, path)
\ No newline at end of file
+    csv_writer(data, path)
+
+'''
+first_name,last_name,city
+Tyrese,Hirthe,Strackeport
+Jules,Dicki,Lake Nickolasville
+Dedric,Medhurst,Stiedemannberg
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_dictwriter.py b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_4_csv_dictwriter.py
similarity index 59%
rename from Chapter 13 - csv/csv_dictwriter.py
rename to Chapter 13 - csv/13_4_csv_dictwriter.py
index a5547fe..c158c28 100644
--- a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_dictwriter.py	
+++ b/Chapter 13 - csv/13_4_csv_dictwriter.py	
@@ -17,10 +17,20 @@ def csv_dict_writer(path, fieldnames, data):
             "Dedric,Medhurst,Stiedemannberg".split(",")
             ]
     my_list = []
-    fieldnames = data[0]
-    for values in data[1:]:
-        inner_dict = dict(zip(fieldnames, values))
-        my_list.append(inner_dict)
-    
+    fieldnames = data[0]  # first the column names, aka keys
+    for values in data[1:]: # from 1 to the end
+        inner_dict = dict(zip(fieldnames, values)) # make a dict
+        my_list.append(inner_dict) # data is a list of maps
+
+    print("final list",my_list)
     path = "dict_output.csv"
-    csv_dict_writer(path, fieldnames, my_list)
\ No newline at end of file
+    csv_dict_writer(path, fieldnames, my_list)
+
+
+'''
+first_name,last_name,city
+Tyrese,Hirthe,Strackeport
+Jules,Dicki,Lake Nickolasville
+Dedric,Medhurst,Stiedemannberg
+
+'''
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader2.py b/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader2.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 9883a1c..0000000
--- a/Chapter 13 - csv/csv_reader2.py	
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,14 +0,0 @@
-import csv
-
-def csv_dict_reader(file_obj):
-    """
-    Read a CSV file using csv.DictReader
-    """
-    reader = csv.DictReader(file_obj, delimiter=',')
-    for line in reader:
-        print(line["first_name"]),
-        print(line["last_name"])
-        
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    with open("data.csv") as f_obj:
-        csv_dict_reader(f_obj)
\ No newline at end of file

From 039c27dcd8be5af34898c1d0ab686796349b44a9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: "freemitive@gmx.com" <freemitive@gmx.com>
Date: Wed, 9 Jan 2019 11:41:46 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 18/18] chapter6: run & learn

---
 Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py | 4 +++-
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py b/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py
index c0b973b..44bf2d0 100644
--- a/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py	
+++ b/Chapter 6 - Comprehensions/comprehensions.py	
@@ -37,4 +37,6 @@
 my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8]
 my_set = {x for x in my_list}   # set
 print(my_set)
-print(type(my_set))
\ No newline at end of file
+print(type(my_set))
+
+