diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint_pr.yml b/.github/workflows/lint_pr.yml
index f18e5c2e..3942ffce 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint_pr.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint_pr.yml
@@ -7,10 +7,10 @@ jobs:
       has_python_changes: ${{ steps.changed-files.outputs.has_python_changes }}
       files: ${{ steps.changed-files.outputs.files }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
-          fetch-depth: 0  # To get all history for git diff commands
-          
+          fetch-depth: 0 # To get all history for git diff commands
+
       - name: Get changed Python files
         id: changed-files
         run: |
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ jobs:
               CHANGED_FILES="$CHANGED_FILES $SETUP_PY_CHANGED"
             fi
           fi
-          
+
           # Check if any Python files were changed and set the output accordingly
           if [ -z "$CHANGED_FILES" ]; then
             echo "No Python files changed"
@@ -40,9 +40,11 @@ jobs:
           else
             echo "Changed Python files: $CHANGED_FILES"
             echo "has_python_changes=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
-            echo "files=$CHANGED_FILES" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            # Use proper delimiter formatting for GitHub Actions
+            FILES_SINGLE_LINE=$(echo "$CHANGED_FILES" | tr '\n' ' ' | sed 's/[[:space:]]\+/ /g' | sed 's/^[[:space:]]*//' | sed 's/[[:space:]]*$//')
+            echo "files=$FILES_SINGLE_LINE" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
           fi
-      
+
       - name: PR information
         if: ${{ github.event_name == 'pull_request' }}
         run: |
@@ -68,27 +70,27 @@ jobs:
             echo "No Python files were changed. Skipping linting."
             exit 0
           fi
-      
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
+
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
         with:
           fetch-depth: 0
-          
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: 3.12
-          
-      - uses: actions/cache@v3
+
+      - uses: actions/cache@v5
         with:
           path: ~/.cache/pip
           key: ${{ runner.os }}-pip-${{ hashFiles('requirements-dev.txt') }}
           restore-keys: |
             ${{ runner.os }}-pip-
-            
+
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: |
           python -m pip install --upgrade pip
           pip install -r requirements-dev.txt
-      
+
       # Flake8 linting
       - name: Lint with flake8
         if: ${{ matrix.tool == 'flake8' }}
@@ -96,7 +98,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "Linting files: ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}"
           flake8 ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }} --count --show-source --statistics
-      
+
       # Format checking with isort and black
       - name: Format check
         if: ${{ matrix.tool == 'format' }}
@@ -106,7 +108,7 @@ jobs:
           isort --profile black --check ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}
           echo "Checking format with black for: ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}"
           black --check ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}
-      
+
       # Type checking with mypy
       - name: Type check with mypy
         if: ${{ matrix.tool == 'mypy' }}
@@ -114,7 +116,7 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "Type checking: ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}"
           mypy --ignore-missing-imports ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}
-      
+
       # Run tests with pytest
       - name: Run tests with pytest
         if: ${{ matrix.tool == 'pytest' }}
@@ -122,11 +124,11 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "Running pytest discovery..."
           python -m pytest --collect-only -v
-          
+
           # First run any test files that correspond to changed files
           echo "Running tests for changed files..."
           changed_files="${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}"
-          
+
           # Extract module paths from changed files
           modules=()
           for file in $changed_files; do
@@ -137,13 +139,13 @@ jobs:
               modules+=("$module_path")
             fi
           done
-          
+
           # Run tests for each module
           for module in "${modules[@]}"; do
             echo "Testing module: $module"
             python -m pytest -xvs tests/ -k "$module" || true
           done
-          
+
           # Then run doctests on the changed files
           echo "Running doctests for changed files..."
           for file in $changed_files; do
@@ -152,13 +154,13 @@ jobs:
               python -m pytest --doctest-modules -v $file || true
             fi
           done
-      
+
       # Check Python version compatibility
       - name: Check Python version compatibility
         if: ${{ matrix.tool == 'pyupgrade' }}
         id: pyupgrade
         run: pyupgrade --py312-plus ${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}
-      
+
       # Run tox
       - name: Run tox
         if: ${{ matrix.tool == 'tox' }}
@@ -166,12 +168,12 @@ jobs:
         run: |
           echo "Running tox integration for changed files..."
           changed_files="${{ needs.check_changes.outputs.files }}"
-          
+
           # Create a temporary tox configuration that extends the original one
           echo "[tox]" > tox_pr.ini
           echo "envlist = py312" >> tox_pr.ini
           echo "skip_missing_interpreters = true" >> tox_pr.ini
-          
+
           echo "[testenv]" >> tox_pr.ini
           echo "setenv =" >> tox_pr.ini
           echo "    COVERAGE_FILE = .coverage.{envname}" >> tox_pr.ini
@@ -182,11 +184,11 @@ jobs:
           echo "    coverage" >> tox_pr.ini
           echo "    python" >> tox_pr.ini
           echo "commands =" >> tox_pr.ini
-          
+
           # Check if we have any implementation files that changed
           pattern_files=0
           test_files=0
-          
+
           for file in $changed_files; do
             if [[ $file == patterns/* ]]; then
               pattern_files=1
@@ -194,12 +196,12 @@ jobs:
               test_files=1
             fi
           done
-          
+
           # Only run targeted tests, no baseline
           echo "    # Run specific tests for changed files" >> tox_pr.ini
-          
+
           has_tests=false
-          
+
           # Add coverage-focused test commands
           for file in $changed_files; do
             if [[ $file == *.py ]]; then
@@ -246,18 +248,18 @@ jobs:
               fi
             fi
           done
-          
+
           # If we didn't find any specific tests to run, mention it
           if [ "$has_tests" = false ]; then
             echo "    python -c \"print('No specific tests found for changed files. Consider adding tests.')\"" >> tox_pr.ini
             # Add a minimal test to avoid failure, but ensure it generates coverage data
             echo "    coverage run -m pytest -xvs --cov=patterns --cov-append -k \"not integration\" --no-header" >> tox_pr.ini
           fi
-          
+
           # Add coverage report command
           echo "    coverage combine" >> tox_pr.ini
           echo "    coverage report -m" >> tox_pr.ini
-          
+
           # Run tox with the custom configuration
           echo "Running tox with custom PR configuration..."
           echo "======================== TOX CONFIG ========================"
@@ -271,8 +273,8 @@ jobs:
     if: ${{ always() }}
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+
       - name: Summarize results
         run: |
           echo "## Pull Request Lint Results" >> $GITHUB_STEP_SUMMARY
diff --git a/.github/workflows/lint_python.yml b/.github/workflows/lint_python.yml
index 288a94b0..4e2f16be 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/lint_python.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/lint_python.yml
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ jobs:
   lint_python:
     runs-on: ubuntu-24.04
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v3
-      - uses: actions/setup-python@v4
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
+      - uses: actions/setup-python@v6
         with:
           python-version: 3.12
       - name: Install dependencies
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index d272a2e1..4521242b 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -10,5 +10,8 @@ venv/
 .vscode/
 .python-version
 .coverage
+.project
+.pydevproject
+/.pytest_cache/
 build/
-dist/
\ No newline at end of file
+dist/
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 05222bc9..c5796895 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,14 +1,25 @@
-python-patterns
-===============
+# python-patterns
 
 A collection of design patterns and idioms in Python.
 
 Remember that each pattern has its own trade-offs. And you need to pay attention more to why you're choosing a certain pattern than to how to implement it.
 
-Current Patterns
-----------------
+## Creational Patterns
 
-__Creational Patterns__:
+> Patterns that deal with **object creation** — abstracting and controlling how instances are made.
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR
+    Client -->|requests object| AbstractFactory
+    AbstractFactory -->|delegates to| ConcreteFactory
+    ConcreteFactory -->|produces| Product
+
+    Builder -->|step-by-step| Director
+    Director -->|returns| BuiltObject
+
+    FactoryMethod -->|subclass decides| ConcreteProduct
+    Pool -->|reuses| PooledInstance
+```
 
 | Pattern | Description |
 |:-------:| ----------- |
@@ -20,7 +31,27 @@ __Creational Patterns__:
 | [pool](patterns/creational/pool.py) | preinstantiate and maintain a group of instances of the same type |
 | [prototype](patterns/creational/prototype.py) | use a factory and clones of a prototype for new instances (if instantiation is expensive) |
 
-__Structural Patterns__:
+## Structural Patterns
+
+> Patterns that define **how classes and objects are composed** to form larger, flexible structures.
+
+```mermaid
+graph TD
+    Client --> Facade
+    Facade --> SubsystemA
+    Facade --> SubsystemB
+    Facade --> SubsystemC
+
+    Client2 --> Adapter
+    Adapter --> LegacyService
+
+    Client3 --> Proxy
+    Proxy -->|controls access to| RealSubject
+
+    Component --> Composite
+    Composite --> Leaf1
+    Composite --> Leaf2
+```
 
 | Pattern | Description |
 |:-------:| ----------- |
@@ -35,7 +66,25 @@ __Structural Patterns__:
 | [mvc](patterns/structural/mvc.py) | model<->view<->controller (non-strict relationships) |
 | [proxy](patterns/structural/proxy.py) | an object funnels operations to something else |
 
-__Behavioral Patterns__:
+## Behavioral Patterns
+
+> Patterns concerned with **communication and responsibility** between objects.
+
+```mermaid
+graph LR
+    Sender -->|sends event| Observer1
+    Sender -->|sends event| Observer2
+
+    Request --> Handler1
+    Handler1 -->|passes if unhandled| Handler2
+    Handler2 -->|passes if unhandled| Handler3
+
+    Context -->|delegates to| Strategy
+    Strategy -->|executes| Algorithm
+
+    Originator -->|saves state to| Memento
+    Caretaker -->|holds| Memento
+```
 
 | Pattern | Description |
 |:-------:| ----------- |
@@ -43,6 +92,7 @@ __Behavioral Patterns__:
 | [catalog](patterns/behavioral/catalog.py) | general methods will call different specialized methods based on construction parameter |
 | [chaining_method](patterns/behavioral/chaining_method.py) | continue callback next object method |
 | [command](patterns/behavioral/command.py) | bundle a command and arguments to call later |
+| [interpreter](patterns/behavioral/interpreter.py) | define a grammar for a language and use it to interpret statements |
 | [iterator](patterns/behavioral/iterator.py) | traverse a container and access the container's elements |
 | [iterator](patterns/behavioral/iterator_alt.py) (alt. impl.)| traverse a container and access the container's elements |
 | [mediator](patterns/behavioral/mediator.py) | an object that knows how to connect other objects and act as a proxy |
@@ -50,25 +100,26 @@ __Behavioral Patterns__:
 | [observer](patterns/behavioral/observer.py) | provide a callback for notification of events/changes to data |
 | [publish_subscribe](patterns/behavioral/publish_subscribe.py) | a source syndicates events/data to 0+ registered listeners |
 | [registry](patterns/behavioral/registry.py) | keep track of all subclasses of a given class |
-| [specification](patterns/behavioral/specification.py) |  business rules can be recombined by chaining the business rules together using boolean logic |
+| [servant](patterns/behavioral/servant.py) | provide common functionality to a group of classes without using inheritance |
+| [specification](patterns/behavioral/specification.py) | business rules can be recombined by chaining the business rules together using boolean logic |
 | [state](patterns/behavioral/state.py) | logic is organized into a discrete number of potential states and the next state that can be transitioned to |
 | [strategy](patterns/behavioral/strategy.py) | selectable operations over the same data |
 | [template](patterns/behavioral/template.py) | an object imposes a structure but takes pluggable components |
 | [visitor](patterns/behavioral/visitor.py) | invoke a callback for all items of a collection |
 
-__Design for Testability Patterns__:
+## Design for Testability Patterns
 
 | Pattern | Description |
 |:-------:| ----------- |
 | [dependency_injection](patterns/dependency_injection.py) | 3 variants of dependency injection |
 
-__Fundamental Patterns__:
+## Fundamental Patterns
 
 | Pattern | Description |
 |:-------:| ----------- |
 | [delegation_pattern](patterns/fundamental/delegation_pattern.py) | an object handles a request by delegating to a second object (the delegate) |
 
-__Others__:
+## Others
 
 | Pattern | Description |
 |:-------:| ----------- |
@@ -76,29 +127,43 @@ __Others__:
 | [graph_search](patterns/other/graph_search.py) | graphing algorithms - non gang of four pattern |
 | [hsm](patterns/other/hsm/hsm.py) | hierarchical state machine - non gang of four pattern |
 
+## 🚫 Anti-Patterns
+
+This section lists some common design patterns that are **not recommended** in Python and explains why.
+
+### 🧱 Singleton
+**Why not:**
+- Python modules are already singletons — every module is imported only once.
+- Explicit singleton classes add unnecessary complexity.
+- Better alternatives: use module-level variables or dependency injection.
 
-Videos
-------
-[Design Patterns in Python by Peter Ullrich](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsyjSW46TDg)
+### 🌀 God Object
+**Why not:**
+- Centralizes too much logic in a single class.
+- Makes code harder to test and maintain.
+- Better alternative: split functionality into smaller, cohesive classes.
 
-[Sebastian Buczyński - Why you don't need design patterns in Python?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5OeYHCJuv0)
+### 🔁 Inheritance overuse
+**Why not:**
+- Deep inheritance trees make code brittle.
+- Prefer composition and delegation.
+- “Favor composition over inheritance.”
 
-[You Don't Need That!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imW-trt0i9I)
+## Videos
 
-[Pluggable Libs Through Design Patterns](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfgEU3W0kyU)
+* [Design Patterns in Python by Peter Ullrich](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bsyjSW46TDg)
+* [Sebastian Buczyński - Why you don't need design patterns in Python?](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G5OeYHCJuv0)
+* [You Don't Need That!](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imW-trt0i9I)
+* [Pluggable Libs Through Design Patterns](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfgEU3W0kyU)
 
+## Contributing
 
-Contributing
-------------
 When an implementation is added or modified, please review the following guidelines:
 
 ##### Docstrings
-Add module level description in form of a docstring with links to corresponding references or other useful information.
-
+Add module level description in form of a docstring with links to corresponding references or other useful information. 
 Add "Examples in Python ecosystem" section if you know some. It shows how patterns could be applied to real-world problems.
-
-[facade.py](patterns/structural/facade.py) has a good example of detailed description,
-but sometimes the shorter one as in [template.py](patterns/behavioral/template.py) would suffice.
+[facade.py](patterns/structural/facade.py) has a good example of detailed description, but sometimes the shorter one as in [template.py](patterns/behavioral/template.py) would suffice.
 
 ##### Python 2 compatibility
 To see Python 2 compatible versions of some patterns please check-out the [legacy](https://github.com/faif/python-patterns/tree/legacy) tag.
@@ -107,15 +172,10 @@ To see Python 2 compatible versions of some patterns please check-out the [legac
 When everything else is done - update corresponding part of README.
 
 ##### Travis CI
-Please run the following before submitting a patch
+Please run the following before submitting a patch:
 - `black .` This lints your code.
-
-Then either:
-- `tox` or `tox -e ci37` This runs unit tests. see tox.ini for further details.
-- If you have a bash compatible shell use `./lint.sh` This script will lint and test your code. This script mirrors the CI pipeline actions.      
-
-You can also run `flake8` or `pytest` commands manually. Examples can be found in `tox.ini`.
+- Either `tox` or `tox -e ci37` for unit tests.
+- If you have a bash compatible shell, use `./lint.sh`.
 
 ## Contributing via issue triage [![Open Source Helpers](https://www.codetriage.com/faif/python-patterns/badges/users.svg)](https://www.codetriage.com/faif/python-patterns)
-
-You can triage issues and pull requests which may include reproducing bug reports or asking for vital information, such as version numbers or reproduction instructions. If you would like to start triaging issues, one easy way to get started is to [subscribe to python-patterns on CodeTriage](https://www.codetriage.com/faif/python-patterns).
+You can triage issues and pull requests on [CodeTriage](https://www.codetriage.com/faif/python-patterns).
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/catalog.py b/patterns/behavioral/catalog.py
index ba85f500..11a730c3 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/catalog.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/catalog.py
@@ -1,19 +1,17 @@
 """
-A class that uses different static function depending of a parameter passed in
-init. Note the use of a single dictionary instead of multiple conditions
+A class that uses different static functions depending on a parameter passed
+during initialization. Uses a single dictionary instead of multiple conditions.
 """
 
+
 __author__ = "Ibrahim Diop <ibrahim@sikilabs.com>"
 
 
 class Catalog:
-    """catalog of multiple static methods that are executed depending on an init
-
-    parameter
+    """catalog of multiple static methods that are executed depending on an init parameter
     """
 
     def __init__(self, param: str) -> None:
-
         # dictionary that will be used to determine which static method is
         # to be executed but that will be also used to store possible param
         # value
@@ -29,25 +27,24 @@ def __init__(self, param: str) -> None:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid Value for Param: {param}")
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _static_method_1() -> None:
-        print("executed method 1!")
+    def _static_method_1() -> str:
+        return "executed method 1!"
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _static_method_2() -> None:
-        print("executed method 2!")
+    def _static_method_2() -> str:
+        return "executed method 2!"
 
-    def main_method(self) -> None:
+    def main_method(self) -> str:
         """will execute either _static_method_1 or _static_method_2
 
         depending on self.param value
         """
-        self._static_method_choices[self.param]()
+        return self._static_method_choices[self.param]()
 
 
 # Alternative implementation for different levels of methods
 class CatalogInstance:
     """catalog of multiple methods that are executed depending on an init
-
     parameter
     """
 
@@ -60,29 +57,28 @@ def __init__(self, param: str) -> None:
         else:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid Value for Param: {param}")
 
-    def _instance_method_1(self) -> None:
-        print(f"Value {self.x1}")
+    def _instance_method_1(self) -> str:
+        return f"Value {self.x1}"
 
-    def _instance_method_2(self) -> None:
-        print(f"Value {self.x2}")
+    def _instance_method_2(self) -> str:
+        return f"Value {self.x2}"
 
     _instance_method_choices = {
         "param_value_1": _instance_method_1,
         "param_value_2": _instance_method_2,
     }
 
-    def main_method(self) -> None:
+    def main_method(self) -> str:
         """will execute either _instance_method_1 or _instance_method_2
 
         depending on self.param value
         """
-        self._instance_method_choices[self.param].__get__(self)()  # type: ignore
+        return self._instance_method_choices[self.param].__get__(self)()  # type: ignore
         # type ignore reason: https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10206
 
 
 class CatalogClass:
     """catalog of multiple class methods that are executed depending on an init
-
     parameter
     """
 
@@ -97,30 +93,29 @@ def __init__(self, param: str) -> None:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid Value for Param: {param}")
 
     @classmethod
-    def _class_method_1(cls) -> None:
-        print(f"Value {cls.x1}")
+    def _class_method_1(cls) -> str:
+        return f"Value {cls.x1}"
 
     @classmethod
-    def _class_method_2(cls) -> None:
-        print(f"Value {cls.x2}")
+    def _class_method_2(cls) -> str:
+        return f"Value {cls.x2}"
 
     _class_method_choices = {
         "param_value_1": _class_method_1,
         "param_value_2": _class_method_2,
     }
 
-    def main_method(self):
+    def main_method(self) -> str:
         """will execute either _class_method_1 or _class_method_2
 
         depending on self.param value
         """
-        self._class_method_choices[self.param].__get__(None, self.__class__)()  # type: ignore
+        return self._class_method_choices[self.param].__get__(None, self.__class__)()  # type: ignore
         # type ignore reason: https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10206
 
 
 class CatalogStatic:
     """catalog of multiple static methods that are executed depending on an init
-
     parameter
     """
 
@@ -132,25 +127,25 @@ def __init__(self, param: str) -> None:
             raise ValueError(f"Invalid Value for Param: {param}")
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _static_method_1() -> None:
-        print("executed method 1!")
+    def _static_method_1() -> str:
+        return "executed method 1!"
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _static_method_2() -> None:
-        print("executed method 2!")
+    def _static_method_2() -> str:
+        return "executed method 2!"
 
     _static_method_choices = {
         "param_value_1": _static_method_1,
         "param_value_2": _static_method_2,
     }
 
-    def main_method(self) -> None:
+    def main_method(self) -> str:
         """will execute either _static_method_1 or _static_method_2
 
         depending on self.param value
         """
 
-        self._static_method_choices[self.param].__get__(None, self.__class__)()  # type: ignore
+        return self._static_method_choices[self.param].__get__(None, self.__class__)()  # type: ignore
         # type ignore reason: https://github.com/python/mypy/issues/10206
 
 
@@ -158,19 +153,19 @@ def main():
     """
     >>> test = Catalog('param_value_2')
     >>> test.main_method()
-    executed method 2!
+    'executed method 2!'
 
     >>> test = CatalogInstance('param_value_1')
     >>> test.main_method()
-    Value x1
+    'Value x1'
 
     >>> test = CatalogClass('param_value_2')
     >>> test.main_method()
-    Value x2
+    'Value x2'
 
     >>> test = CatalogStatic('param_value_1')
     >>> test.main_method()
-    executed method 1!
+    'executed method 1!'
     """
 
 
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/chain_of_responsibility.py b/patterns/behavioral/chain_of_responsibility.py
index 9d46c4a8..46c3a419 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/chain_of_responsibility.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/chain_of_responsibility.py
@@ -14,6 +14,10 @@
 As a variation some receivers may be capable of sending requests out
 in several directions, forming a `tree of responsibility`.
 
+*Examples in Python ecosystem:
+Django Middleware: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/stable/topics/http/middleware/
+The middleware components act as a chain where each processes the request/response.
+
 *TL;DR
 Allow a request to pass down a chain of receivers until it is handled.
 """
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/mediator.py b/patterns/behavioral/mediator.py
index e4b3c34a..6a59bbb6 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/mediator.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/mediator.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class ChatRoom:
     """Mediator class"""
 
     def display_message(self, user: User, message: str) -> None:
-        print(f"[{user} says]: {message}")
+        return f"[{user} says]: {message}"
 
 
 class User:
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ def __init__(self, name: str) -> None:
         self.chat_room = ChatRoom()
 
     def say(self, message: str) -> None:
-        self.chat_room.display_message(self, message)
+        return self.chat_room.display_message(self, message)
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         return self.name
@@ -39,11 +39,11 @@ def main():
     >>> ethan = User('Ethan')
 
     >>> molly.say("Hi Team! Meeting at 3 PM today.")
-    [Molly says]: Hi Team! Meeting at 3 PM today.
+    '[Molly says]: Hi Team! Meeting at 3 PM today.'
     >>> mark.say("Roger that!")
-    [Mark says]: Roger that!
+    '[Mark says]: Roger that!'
     >>> ethan.say("Alright.")
-    [Ethan says]: Alright.
+    '[Ethan says]: Alright.'
     """
 
 
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/memento.py b/patterns/behavioral/memento.py
index c1bc7f0b..c0d63e9e 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/memento.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/memento.py
@@ -6,13 +6,13 @@
 """
 
 from copy import copy, deepcopy
-from typing import Callable, List
+from typing import Any, Callable, List, Type
 
 
-def memento(obj, deep=False):
+def memento(obj: Any, deep: bool = False) -> Callable:
     state = deepcopy(obj.__dict__) if deep else copy(obj.__dict__)
 
-    def restore():
+    def restore() -> None:
         obj.__dict__.clear()
         obj.__dict__.update(state)
 
@@ -28,15 +28,15 @@ class Transaction:
     deep = False
     states: List[Callable[[], None]] = []
 
-    def __init__(self, deep, *targets):
+    def __init__(self, deep: bool, *targets: Any) -> None:
         self.deep = deep
         self.targets = targets
         self.commit()
 
-    def commit(self):
+    def commit(self) -> None:
         self.states = [memento(target, self.deep) for target in self.targets]
 
-    def rollback(self):
+    def rollback(self) -> None:
         for a_state in self.states:
             a_state()
 
@@ -47,27 +47,40 @@ def Transactional(method):
 
     :param method: The function to be decorated.
     """
-    def transaction(obj, *args, **kwargs):
-        state = memento(obj)
-        try:
-            return method(obj, *args, **kwargs)
-        except Exception as e:
-            state()
-            raise e
+
+    def __init__(self, method: Callable) -> None:
+        self.method = method
+
+    def __get__(self, obj: Any, T: Type) -> Callable:
+        """
+        A decorator that makes a function transactional.
+
+        :param method: The function to be decorated.
+        """
+
+        def transaction(*args, **kwargs):
+            state = memento(obj)
+            try:
+                return self.method(obj, *args, **kwargs)
+            except Exception as e:
+                state()
+                raise e
+
     return transaction
 
+
 class NumObj:
-    def __init__(self, value):
+    def __init__(self, value: int) -> None:
         self.value = value
 
-    def __repr__(self):
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<{self.__class__.__name__}: {self.value!r}>"
 
-    def increment(self):
+    def increment(self) -> None:
         self.value += 1
 
     @Transactional
-    def do_stuff(self):
+    def do_stuff(self) -> None:
         self.value = "1111"  # <- invalid value
         self.increment()  # <- will fail and rollback
 
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/observer.py b/patterns/behavioral/observer.py
index 03d970ad..c9184be1 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/observer.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/observer.py
@@ -9,34 +9,59 @@
 Flask Signals: https://flask.palletsprojects.com/en/1.1.x/signals/
 """
 
-from __future__ import annotations
-
-from contextlib import suppress
-from typing import Protocol
+# observer.py
 
+from __future__ import annotations
+from typing import List
 
-# define a generic observer type
-class Observer(Protocol):
+class Observer:
     def update(self, subject: Subject) -> None:
+        """
+        Receive update from the subject.
+
+        Args:
+            subject (Subject): The subject instance sending the update.
+        """
         pass
 
 
 class Subject:
+    _observers: List[Observer]
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self._observers: list[Observer] = []
+        """
+        Initialize the subject with an empty observer list.
+        """
+        self._observers = []
 
     def attach(self, observer: Observer) -> None:
+        """
+        Attach an observer to the subject.
+
+        Args:
+            observer (Observer): The observer instance to attach.
+        """
         if observer not in self._observers:
             self._observers.append(observer)
 
     def detach(self, observer: Observer) -> None:
-        with suppress(ValueError):
+        """
+        Detach an observer from the subject.
+
+        Args:
+            observer (Observer): The observer instance to detach.
+        """
+        try:
             self._observers.remove(observer)
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
 
-    def notify(self, modifier: Observer | None = None) -> None:
+    def notify(self) -> None:
+        """
+        Notify all attached observers by calling their update method.
+        """
         for observer in self._observers:
-            if modifier != observer:
-                observer.update(self)
+            observer.update(self)
 
 
 class Data(Subject):
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/registry.py b/patterns/behavioral/registry.py
index d44a992e..60cae019 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/registry.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/registry.py
@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 
 class RegistryHolder(type):
-
     REGISTRY: Dict[str, "RegistryHolder"] = {}
 
     def __new__(cls, name, bases, attrs):
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/servant.py b/patterns/behavioral/servant.py
index de939a60..776c4126 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/servant.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/servant.py
@@ -19,8 +19,10 @@
 References:
 - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servant_(design_pattern)
 """
+
 import math
 
+
 class Position:
     """Representation of a 2D position with x and y coordinates."""
 
@@ -28,6 +30,7 @@ def __init__(self, x, y):
         self.x = x
         self.y = y
 
+
 class Circle:
     """Representation of a circle defined by a radius and a position."""
 
@@ -35,6 +38,7 @@ def __init__(self, radius, position: Position):
         self.radius = radius
         self.position = position
 
+
 class Rectangle:
     """Representation of a rectangle defined by width, height, and a position."""
 
@@ -65,7 +69,7 @@ def calculate_area(shape):
             ValueError: If the shape type is unsupported.
         """
         if isinstance(shape, Circle):
-            return math.pi * shape.radius ** 2
+            return math.pi * shape.radius**2
         elif isinstance(shape, Rectangle):
             return shape.width * shape.height
         else:
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/specification.py b/patterns/behavioral/specification.py
index 303ee513..10d22689 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/specification.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/specification.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 """
 
 from abc import abstractmethod
+from typing import Union
 
 
 class Specification:
@@ -28,22 +29,22 @@ class CompositeSpecification(Specification):
     def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
         pass
 
-    def and_specification(self, candidate):
+    def and_specification(self, candidate: "Specification") -> "AndSpecification":
         return AndSpecification(self, candidate)
 
-    def or_specification(self, candidate):
+    def or_specification(self, candidate: "Specification") -> "OrSpecification":
         return OrSpecification(self, candidate)
 
-    def not_specification(self):
+    def not_specification(self) -> "NotSpecification":
         return NotSpecification(self)
 
 
 class AndSpecification(CompositeSpecification):
-    def __init__(self, one, other):
+    def __init__(self, one: "Specification", other: "Specification") -> None:
         self._one: Specification = one
         self._other: Specification = other
 
-    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Union["User", str]) -> bool:
         return bool(
             self._one.is_satisfied_by(candidate)
             and self._other.is_satisfied_by(candidate)
@@ -51,11 +52,11 @@ def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
 
 
 class OrSpecification(CompositeSpecification):
-    def __init__(self, one, other):
+    def __init__(self, one: "Specification", other: "Specification") -> None:
         self._one: Specification = one
         self._other: Specification = other
 
-    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Union["User", str]):
         return bool(
             self._one.is_satisfied_by(candidate)
             or self._other.is_satisfied_by(candidate)
@@ -63,25 +64,25 @@ def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
 
 
 class NotSpecification(CompositeSpecification):
-    def __init__(self, wrapped):
+    def __init__(self, wrapped: "Specification"):
         self._wrapped: Specification = wrapped
 
-    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Union["User", str]):
         return bool(not self._wrapped.is_satisfied_by(candidate))
 
 
 class User:
-    def __init__(self, super_user=False):
+    def __init__(self, super_user: bool = False) -> None:
         self.super_user = super_user
 
 
 class UserSpecification(CompositeSpecification):
-    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: Union["User", str]) -> bool:
         return isinstance(candidate, User)
 
 
 class SuperUserSpecification(CompositeSpecification):
-    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate):
+    def is_satisfied_by(self, candidate: "User") -> bool:
         return getattr(candidate, "super_user", False)
 
 
diff --git a/patterns/behavioral/visitor.py b/patterns/behavioral/visitor.py
index 00d95248..aa10b58c 100644
--- a/patterns/behavioral/visitor.py
+++ b/patterns/behavioral/visitor.py
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@
 which is then being used e.g. in tools like `pyflakes`.
 - `Black` formatter tool implements it's own: https://github.com/ambv/black/blob/master/black.py#L718
 """
+from typing import Union
 
 
 class Node:
@@ -33,7 +34,7 @@ class C(A, B):
 
 
 class Visitor:
-    def visit(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
+    def visit(self, node: Union[A, C, B], *args, **kwargs) -> None:
         meth = None
         for cls in node.__class__.__mro__:
             meth_name = "visit_" + cls.__name__
@@ -45,10 +46,10 @@ def visit(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
             meth = self.generic_visit
         return meth(node, *args, **kwargs)
 
-    def generic_visit(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
+    def generic_visit(self, node: A, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
         print("generic_visit " + node.__class__.__name__)
 
-    def visit_B(self, node, *args, **kwargs):
+    def visit_B(self, node: Union[C, B], *args, **kwargs) -> None:
         print("visit_B " + node.__class__.__name__)
 
 
@@ -58,13 +59,13 @@ def main():
     >>> visitor = Visitor()
 
     >>> visitor.visit(a)
-    generic_visit A
+    'generic_visit A'
 
     >>> visitor.visit(b)
-    visit_B B
+    'visit_B B'
 
     >>> visitor.visit(c)
-    visit_B C
+    'visit_B C'
     """
 
 
diff --git a/patterns/creational/builder.py b/patterns/creational/builder.py
index 22383923..16af2295 100644
--- a/patterns/creational/builder.py
+++ b/patterns/creational/builder.py
@@ -1,13 +1,12 @@
 """
-*What is this pattern about?
+What is this pattern about?
 It decouples the creation of a complex object and its representation,
 so that the same process can be reused to build objects from the same
 family.
 This is useful when you must separate the specification of an object
 from its actual representation (generally for abstraction).
 
-*What does this example do?
-
+What does this example do?
 The first example achieves this by using an abstract base
 class for a building, where the initializer (__init__ method) specifies the
 steps needed, and the concrete subclasses implement these steps.
@@ -22,16 +21,15 @@ class for a building, where the initializer (__init__ method) specifies the
 In general, in Python this won't be necessary, but a second example showing
 this kind of arrangement is also included.
 
-*Where is the pattern used practically?
-
-*References:
-https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/builder
+Where is the pattern used practically?
+See: https://sourcemaking.com/design_patterns/builder
 
-*TL;DR
+TL;DR
 Decouples the creation of a complex object and its representation.
 """
 
 
+
 # Abstract Building
 class Building:
     def __init__(self) -> None:
diff --git a/patterns/creational/factory.py b/patterns/creational/factory.py
index 3ef2d2a8..c8fea112 100644
--- a/patterns/creational/factory.py
+++ b/patterns/creational/factory.py
@@ -26,8 +26,7 @@
 
 
 class Localizer(Protocol):
-    def localize(self, msg: str) -> str:
-        pass
+    def localize(self, msg: str) -> str: ...
 
 
 class GreekLocalizer:
@@ -55,7 +54,7 @@ def get_localizer(language: str = "English") -> Localizer:
         "Greek": GreekLocalizer,
     }
 
-    return localizers[language]()
+    return localizers.get(language, EnglishLocalizer)()
 
 
 def main():
diff --git a/patterns/creational/lazy_evaluation.py b/patterns/creational/lazy_evaluation.py
index b56daf0c..1f8db6bd 100644
--- a/patterns/creational/lazy_evaluation.py
+++ b/patterns/creational/lazy_evaluation.py
@@ -20,14 +20,15 @@
 """
 
 import functools
+from typing import Callable, Type
 
 
 class lazy_property:
-    def __init__(self, function):
+    def __init__(self, function: Callable) -> None:
         self.function = function
         functools.update_wrapper(self, function)
 
-    def __get__(self, obj, type_):
+    def __get__(self, obj: "Person", type_: Type["Person"]) -> str:
         if obj is None:
             return self
         val = self.function(obj)
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ def __get__(self, obj, type_):
         return val
 
 
-def lazy_property2(fn):
+def lazy_property2(fn: Callable) -> property:
     """
     A lazy property decorator.
 
@@ -54,19 +55,19 @@ def _lazy_property(self):
 
 
 class Person:
-    def __init__(self, name, occupation):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, occupation: str) -> None:
         self.name = name
         self.occupation = occupation
         self.call_count2 = 0
 
     @lazy_property
-    def relatives(self):
+    def relatives(self) -> str:
         # Get all relatives, let's assume that it costs much time.
         relatives = "Many relatives."
         return relatives
 
     @lazy_property2
-    def parents(self):
+    def parents(self) -> str:
         self.call_count2 += 1
         return "Father and mother"
 
diff --git a/patterns/creational/pool.py b/patterns/creational/pool.py
index 1d70ea69..02f61791 100644
--- a/patterns/creational/pool.py
+++ b/patterns/creational/pool.py
@@ -27,24 +27,32 @@
 *TL;DR
 Stores a set of initialized objects kept ready to use.
 """
+from queue import Queue
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import Union
 
 
 class ObjectPool:
-    def __init__(self, queue, auto_get=False):
+    def __init__(self, queue: Queue, auto_get: bool = False) -> None:
         self._queue = queue
         self.item = self._queue.get() if auto_get else None
 
-    def __enter__(self):
+    def __enter__(self) -> str:
         if self.item is None:
             self.item = self._queue.get()
         return self.item
 
-    def __exit__(self, Type, value, traceback):
+    def __exit__(
+        self,
+        Type: Union[type[BaseException], None],
+        value: Union[BaseException, None],
+        traceback: Union[TracebackType, None],
+    ) -> None:
         if self.item is not None:
             self._queue.put(self.item)
             self.item = None
 
-    def __del__(self):
+    def __del__(self) -> None:
         if self.item is not None:
             self._queue.put(self.item)
             self.item = None
diff --git a/patterns/other/blackboard.py b/patterns/other/blackboard.py
index 58fbdb98..0269a3e7 100644
--- a/patterns/other/blackboard.py
+++ b/patterns/other/blackboard.py
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 
 class AbstractExpert(ABC):
     """Abstract class for experts in the blackboard system."""
+
     @abstractmethod
     def __init__(self, blackboard) -> None:
         self.blackboard = blackboard
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ def contribute(self) -> None:
 
 class Blackboard:
     """The blackboard system that holds the common state."""
+
     def __init__(self) -> None:
         self.experts: list = []
         self.common_state = {
@@ -46,6 +48,7 @@ def add_expert(self, expert: AbstractExpert) -> None:
 
 class Controller:
     """The controller that manages the blackboard system."""
+
     def __init__(self, blackboard: Blackboard) -> None:
         self.blackboard = blackboard
 
@@ -63,6 +66,7 @@ def run_loop(self):
 
 class Student(AbstractExpert):
     """Concrete class for a student expert."""
+
     def __init__(self, blackboard) -> None:
         super().__init__(blackboard)
 
@@ -79,6 +83,7 @@ def contribute(self) -> None:
 
 class Scientist(AbstractExpert):
     """Concrete class for a scientist expert."""
+
     def __init__(self, blackboard) -> None:
         super().__init__(blackboard)
 
diff --git a/patterns/other/graph_search.py b/patterns/other/graph_search.py
index 262a6f08..6e3cdffb 100644
--- a/patterns/other/graph_search.py
+++ b/patterns/other/graph_search.py
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Union
+
+
 class GraphSearch:
     """Graph search emulation in python, from source
     http://www.python.org/doc/essays/graphs/
@@ -5,10 +8,12 @@ class GraphSearch:
     dfs stands for Depth First Search
     bfs stands for Breadth First Search"""
 
-    def __init__(self, graph):
+    def __init__(self, graph: Dict[str, List[str]]) -> None:
         self.graph = graph
 
-    def find_path_dfs(self, start, end, path=None):
+    def find_path_dfs(
+        self, start: str, end: str, path: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    ) -> Optional[List[str]]:
         path = path or []
 
         path.append(start)
@@ -20,7 +25,9 @@ def find_path_dfs(self, start, end, path=None):
                 if newpath:
                     return newpath
 
-    def find_all_paths_dfs(self, start, end, path=None):
+    def find_all_paths_dfs(
+        self, start: str, end: str, path: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    ) -> List[Union[List[str], Any]]:
         path = path or []
         path.append(start)
         if start == end:
@@ -32,7 +39,9 @@ def find_all_paths_dfs(self, start, end, path=None):
                 paths.extend(newpaths)
         return paths
 
-    def find_shortest_path_dfs(self, start, end, path=None):
+    def find_shortest_path_dfs(
+        self, start: str, end: str, path: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    ) -> Optional[List[str]]:
         path = path or []
         path.append(start)
 
@@ -47,7 +56,7 @@ def find_shortest_path_dfs(self, start, end, path=None):
                         shortest = newpath
         return shortest
 
-    def find_shortest_path_bfs(self, start, end):
+    def find_shortest_path_bfs(self, start: str, end: str) -> Optional[List[str]]:
         """
         Finds the shortest path between two nodes in a graph using breadth-first search.
 
diff --git a/patterns/structural/3-tier.py b/patterns/structural/3-tier.py
index ecc04243..287badaf 100644
--- a/patterns/structural/3-tier.py
+++ b/patterns/structural/3-tier.py
@@ -16,7 +16,6 @@ class Data:
     }
 
     def __get__(self, obj, klas):
-
         print("(Fetching from Data Store)")
         return {"products": self.products}
 
diff --git a/patterns/structural/adapter.py b/patterns/structural/adapter.py
index 433369ee..22adca88 100644
--- a/patterns/structural/adapter.py
+++ b/patterns/structural/adapter.py
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@
 Allows the interface of an existing class to be used as another interface.
 """
 
-from typing import Callable, TypeVar
+from typing import Callable, TypeVar, Any, Dict
 
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
@@ -74,16 +74,16 @@ class Adapter:
     dog = Adapter(dog, make_noise=dog.bark)
     """
 
-    def __init__(self, obj: T, **adapted_methods: Callable):
+    def __init__(self, obj: T, **adapted_methods: Callable[..., Any]) -> None:
         """We set the adapted methods in the object's dict."""
         self.obj = obj
         self.__dict__.update(adapted_methods)
 
-    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+    def __getattr__(self, attr: str) -> Any:
         """All non-adapted calls are passed to the object."""
         return getattr(self.obj, attr)
 
-    def original_dict(self):
+    def original_dict(self) -> Dict[str, Any]:
         """Print original object dict."""
         return self.obj.__dict__
 
diff --git a/patterns/structural/bridge.py b/patterns/structural/bridge.py
index feddb675..1575cb53 100644
--- a/patterns/structural/bridge.py
+++ b/patterns/structural/bridge.py
@@ -5,34 +5,37 @@
 *TL;DR
 Decouples an abstraction from its implementation.
 """
+from typing import Union
 
 
 # ConcreteImplementor 1/2
 class DrawingAPI1:
-    def draw_circle(self, x, y, radius):
+    def draw_circle(self, x: int, y: int, radius: float) -> None:
         print(f"API1.circle at {x}:{y} radius {radius}")
 
 
 # ConcreteImplementor 2/2
 class DrawingAPI2:
-    def draw_circle(self, x, y, radius):
+    def draw_circle(self, x: int, y: int, radius: float) -> None:
         print(f"API2.circle at {x}:{y} radius {radius}")
 
 
 # Refined Abstraction
 class CircleShape:
-    def __init__(self, x, y, radius, drawing_api):
+    def __init__(
+        self, x: int, y: int, radius: int, drawing_api: Union[DrawingAPI2, DrawingAPI1]
+    ) -> None:
         self._x = x
         self._y = y
         self._radius = radius
         self._drawing_api = drawing_api
 
     # low-level i.e. Implementation specific
-    def draw(self):
+    def draw(self) -> None:
         self._drawing_api.draw_circle(self._x, self._y, self._radius)
 
     # high-level i.e. Abstraction specific
-    def scale(self, pct):
+    def scale(self, pct: float) -> None:
         self._radius *= pct
 
 
diff --git a/patterns/structural/flyweight.py b/patterns/structural/flyweight.py
index fad17a8b..68b6f43c 100644
--- a/patterns/structural/flyweight.py
+++ b/patterns/structural/flyweight.py
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ class Card:
     # when there are no other references to it.
     _pool: weakref.WeakValueDictionary = weakref.WeakValueDictionary()
 
-    def __new__(cls, value, suit):
+    def __new__(cls, value: str, suit: str):
         # If the object exists in the pool - just return it
         obj = cls._pool.get(value + suit)
         # otherwise - create new one (and add it to the pool)
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ def __new__(cls, value, suit):
     # def __init__(self, value, suit):
     #     self.value, self.suit = value, suit
 
-    def __repr__(self):
+    def __repr__(self) -> str:
         return f"<Card: {self.value}{self.suit}>"
 
 
diff --git a/patterns/structural/mvc.py b/patterns/structural/mvc.py
index 24b0017a..0a7c4034 100644
--- a/patterns/structural/mvc.py
+++ b/patterns/structural/mvc.py
@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@
 """
 
 from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import Dict, List, Union, Any
 from inspect import signature
 from sys import argv
-from typing import Any
 
 
 class Model(ABC):
     """The Model is the data layer of the application."""
+
     @abstractmethod
     def __iter__(self) -> Any:
         pass
@@ -29,6 +30,7 @@ def item_type(self) -> str:
 
 class ProductModel(Model):
     """The Model is the data layer of the application."""
+
     class Price(float):
         """A polymorphic way to pass a float with a particular
         __str__ functionality."""
@@ -56,12 +58,15 @@ def get(self, product: str) -> dict:
 
 class View(ABC):
     """The View is the presentation layer of the application."""
+
     @abstractmethod
     def show_item_list(self, item_type: str, item_list: list) -> None:
         pass
 
     @abstractmethod
-    def show_item_information(self, item_type: str, item_name: str, item_info: dict) -> None:
+    def show_item_information(
+        self, item_type: str, item_name: str, item_info: dict
+    ) -> None:
         """Will look for item information by iterating over key,value pairs
         yielded by item_info.items()"""
         pass
@@ -73,6 +78,7 @@ def item_not_found(self, item_type: str, item_name: str) -> None:
 
 class ConsoleView(View):
     """The View is the presentation layer of the application."""
+
     def show_item_list(self, item_type: str, item_list: list) -> None:
         print(item_type.upper() + " LIST:")
         for item in item_list:
@@ -84,7 +90,9 @@ def capitalizer(string: str) -> str:
         """Capitalizes the first letter of a string and lowercases the rest."""
         return string[0].upper() + string[1:].lower()
 
-    def show_item_information(self, item_type: str, item_name: str, item_info: dict) -> None:
+    def show_item_information(
+        self, item_type: str, item_name: str, item_info: dict
+    ) -> None:
         """Will look for item information by iterating over key,value pairs"""
         print(item_type.upper() + " INFORMATION:")
         printout = "Name: %s" % item_name
@@ -99,6 +107,7 @@ def item_not_found(self, item_type: str, item_name: str) -> None:
 
 class Controller:
     """The Controller is the intermediary between the Model and the View."""
+
     def __init__(self, model_class: Model, view_class: View) -> None:
         self.model: Model = model_class
         self.view: View = view_class
@@ -124,15 +133,17 @@ def show_item_information(self, item_name: str) -> None:
 
 class Router:
     """The Router is the entry point of the application."""
+
     def __init__(self):
         self.routes = {}
 
     def register(
-            self,
-            path: str,
-            controller_class: type[Controller],
-            model_class: type[Model],
-            view_class: type[View]) -> None:
+        self,
+        path: str,
+        controller_class: type[Controller],
+        model_class: type[Model],
+        view_class: type[View],
+    ) -> None:
         model_instance: Model = model_class()
         view_instance: View = view_class()
         self.routes[path] = controller_class(model_instance, view_instance)
@@ -184,7 +195,7 @@ def main():
     controller: Controller = router.resolve(argv[1])
 
     action: str = str(argv[2]) if len(argv) > 2 else ""
-    args: str = ' '.join(map(str, argv[3:])) if len(argv) > 3 else ""
+    args: str = " ".join(map(str, argv[3:])) if len(argv) > 3 else ""
 
     if hasattr(controller, action):
         command = getattr(controller, action)
@@ -201,4 +212,5 @@ def main():
         print(f"Command {action} not found in the controller.")
 
     import doctest
+
     doctest.testmod()
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a2992404
--- /dev/null
+++ b/poetry.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,1029 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Poetry 2.3.1 and should not be changed by hand.
+
+[[package]]
+name = "argcomplete"
+version = "3.6.3"
+description = "Bash tab completion for argparse"
+optional = true
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+groups = ["main"]
+markers = "extra == \"dev\""
+files = [
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+    {file = "argcomplete-3.6.3.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:62e8ed4fd6a45864acc8235409461b72c9a28ee785a2011cc5eb78318786c89c"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+test = ["coverage", "mypy", "pexpect", "ruff", "wheel"]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "black"
+version = "26.1.0"
+description = "The uncompromising code formatter."
+optional = true
+python-versions = ">=3.10"
+groups = ["main"]
+markers = "extra == \"dev\""
+files = [
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+description = "Virtual Python Environment builder"
+optional = true
+python-versions = ">=3.8"
+groups = ["main"]
+markers = "extra == \"dev\""
+files = [
+    {file = "virtualenv-20.36.1-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:575a8d6b124ef88f6f51d56d656132389f961062a9177016a50e4f507bbcc19f"},
+    {file = "virtualenv-20.36.1.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:8befb5c81842c641f8ee658481e42641c68b5eab3521d8e092d18320902466ba"},
+]
+
+[package.dependencies]
+distlib = ">=0.3.7,<1"
+filelock = {version = ">=3.20.1,<4", markers = "python_version >= \"3.10\""}
+platformdirs = ">=3.9.1,<5"
+typing-extensions = {version = ">=4.13.2", markers = "python_version < \"3.11\""}
+
+[package.extras]
+docs = ["furo (>=2023.7.26)", "proselint (>=0.13)", "sphinx (>=7.1.2,!=7.3)", "sphinx-argparse (>=0.4)", "sphinxcontrib-towncrier (>=0.2.1a0)", "towncrier (>=23.6)"]
+test = ["covdefaults (>=2.3)", "coverage (>=7.2.7)", "coverage-enable-subprocess (>=1)", "flaky (>=3.7)", "packaging (>=23.1)", "pytest (>=7.4)", "pytest-env (>=0.8.2)", "pytest-freezer (>=0.4.8) ; platform_python_implementation == \"PyPy\" or platform_python_implementation == \"GraalVM\" or platform_python_implementation == \"CPython\" and sys_platform == \"win32\" and python_version >= \"3.13\"", "pytest-mock (>=3.11.1)", "pytest-randomly (>=3.12)", "pytest-timeout (>=2.1)", "setuptools (>=68)", "time-machine (>=2.10) ; platform_python_implementation == \"CPython\""]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "zipp"
+version = "3.23.0"
+description = "Backport of pathlib-compatible object wrapper for zip files"
+optional = true
+python-versions = ">=3.9"
+groups = ["main"]
+markers = "extra == \"dev\" and python_full_version < \"3.10.2\""
+files = [
+    {file = "zipp-3.23.0-py3-none-any.whl", hash = "sha256:071652d6115ed432f5ce1d34c336c0adfd6a884660d1e9712a256d3d3bd4b14e"},
+    {file = "zipp-3.23.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:a07157588a12518c9d4034df3fbbee09c814741a33ff63c05fa29d26a2404166"},
+]
+
+[package.extras]
+check = ["pytest-checkdocs (>=2.4)", "pytest-ruff (>=0.2.1) ; sys_platform != \"cygwin\""]
+cover = ["pytest-cov"]
+doc = ["furo", "jaraco.packaging (>=9.3)", "jaraco.tidelift (>=1.4)", "rst.linker (>=1.9)", "sphinx (>=3.5)", "sphinx-lint"]
+enabler = ["pytest-enabler (>=2.2)"]
+test = ["big-O", "jaraco.functools", "jaraco.itertools", "jaraco.test", "more_itertools", "pytest (>=6,!=8.1.*)", "pytest-ignore-flaky"]
+type = ["pytest-mypy"]
+
+[extras]
+dev = ["black", "build", "flake8", "isort", "mypy", "pipx", "pytest", "pytest-cov", "pytest-randomly", "pyupgrade", "tox"]
+
+[metadata]
+lock-version = "2.1"
+python-versions = ">=3.10"
+content-hash = "069cb13b2d57cd6c10ec2639902adf8b15dd8c594a1aaeab1a64b52df188a8af"
diff --git a/pytest_local.ini b/pytest_local.ini
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..154db6e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/pytest_local.ini
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[pytest]
+addopts = -q
+testpaths = tests
diff --git a/requirements-dev.txt b/requirements-dev.txt
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1194272a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/requirements-dev.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+flake8
+black
+isort
+pytest
+pytest-randomly
+mypy
+pyupgrade
+tox
diff --git a/tests/behavioral/test_catalog.py b/tests/behavioral/test_catalog.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..60933816
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/behavioral/test_catalog.py
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+import pytest
+
+from patterns.behavioral.catalog import Catalog, CatalogClass, CatalogInstance, CatalogStatic
+
+def test_catalog_multiple_methods():
+    test = Catalog('param_value_2')
+    token = test.main_method()
+    assert token == 'executed method 2!'
+
+def test_catalog_multiple_instance_methods():
+    test = CatalogInstance('param_value_1')
+    token = test.main_method()
+    assert token == 'Value x1'
+    
+def test_catalog_multiple_class_methods():
+    test = CatalogClass('param_value_2')
+    token = test.main_method()
+    assert token == 'Value x2'
+
+def test_catalog_multiple_static_methods():
+    test = CatalogStatic('param_value_1')
+    token = test.main_method()
+    assert token == 'executed method 1!'
diff --git a/tests/behavioral/test_mediator.py b/tests/behavioral/test_mediator.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1af60e67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/behavioral/test_mediator.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import pytest
+
+from patterns.behavioral.mediator import User
+
+def test_mediated_comments():
+    molly = User('Molly')
+    mediated_comment = molly.say("Hi Team! Meeting at 3 PM today.")
+    assert mediated_comment == "[Molly says]: Hi Team! Meeting at 3 PM today."
+
+    mark = User('Mark')
+    mediated_comment = mark.say("Roger that!")
+    assert mediated_comment == "[Mark says]: Roger that!"
+
+    ethan = User('Ethan')
+    mediated_comment = ethan.say("Alright.")
+    assert mediated_comment == "[Ethan says]: Alright."
diff --git a/tests/behavioral/test_memento.py b/tests/behavioral/test_memento.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..bd307b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/behavioral/test_memento.py
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+import pytest
+
+from patterns.behavioral.memento import NumObj, Transaction
+
+def test_object_creation():
+    num_obj = NumObj(-1)
+    assert repr(num_obj) == '<NumObj: -1>', "Object representation not as expected"
+
+def test_rollback_on_transaction():
+    num_obj = NumObj(-1)
+    a_transaction = Transaction(True, num_obj)
+    for _i in range(3):
+        num_obj.increment()
+    a_transaction.commit()
+    assert num_obj.value == 2
+
+    for _i in range(3):
+        num_obj.increment()
+    try:
+        num_obj.value += 'x'  # will fail
+    except TypeError:
+        a_transaction.rollback()
+    assert num_obj.value == 2, "Transaction did not rollback as expected"
+
+def test_rollback_with_transactional_annotation():
+    num_obj = NumObj(2)
+    with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+        num_obj.do_stuff()
+    assert num_obj.value == 2
diff --git a/tests/behavioral/test_publish_subscribe.py b/tests/behavioral/test_publish_subscribe.py
index c153da5b..8bb7130c 100644
--- a/tests/behavioral/test_publish_subscribe.py
+++ b/tests/behavioral/test_publish_subscribe.py
@@ -48,9 +48,10 @@ def test_provider_shall_update_affected_subscribers_with_published_subscription(
         sub2 = Subscriber("sub 2 name", pro)
         sub2.subscribe("sub 2 msg 1")
         sub2.subscribe("sub 2 msg 2")
-        with patch.object(sub1, "run") as mock_subscriber1_run, patch.object(
-            sub2, "run"
-        ) as mock_subscriber2_run:
+        with (
+            patch.object(sub1, "run") as mock_subscriber1_run,
+            patch.object(sub2, "run") as mock_subscriber2_run,
+        ):
             pro.update()
             cls.assertEqual(mock_subscriber1_run.call_count, 0)
             cls.assertEqual(mock_subscriber2_run.call_count, 0)
@@ -58,9 +59,10 @@ def test_provider_shall_update_affected_subscribers_with_published_subscription(
         pub.publish("sub 1 msg 2")
         pub.publish("sub 2 msg 1")
         pub.publish("sub 2 msg 2")
-        with patch.object(sub1, "run") as mock_subscriber1_run, patch.object(
-            sub2, "run"
-        ) as mock_subscriber2_run:
+        with (
+            patch.object(sub1, "run") as mock_subscriber1_run,
+            patch.object(sub2, "run") as mock_subscriber2_run,
+        ):
             pro.update()
             expected_sub1_calls = [call("sub 1 msg 1"), call("sub 1 msg 2")]
             mock_subscriber1_run.assert_has_calls(expected_sub1_calls)
diff --git a/tests/behavioral/test_servant.py b/tests/behavioral/test_servant.py
index e5edb70d..dd487171 100644
--- a/tests/behavioral/test_servant.py
+++ b/tests/behavioral/test_servant.py
@@ -7,18 +7,20 @@
 def circle():
     return Circle(3, Position(0, 0))
 
+
 @pytest.fixture
 def rectangle():
     return Rectangle(4, 5, Position(0, 0))
 
 
 def test_calculate_area(circle, rectangle):
-    assert GeometryTools.calculate_area(circle) == math.pi * 3 ** 2
+    assert GeometryTools.calculate_area(circle) == math.pi * 3**2
     assert GeometryTools.calculate_area(rectangle) == 4 * 5
 
     with pytest.raises(ValueError):
         GeometryTools.calculate_area("invalid shape")
 
+
 def test_calculate_perimeter(circle, rectangle):
     assert GeometryTools.calculate_perimeter(circle) == 2 * math.pi * 3
     assert GeometryTools.calculate_perimeter(rectangle) == 2 * (4 + 5)
diff --git a/tests/behavioral/test_visitor.py b/tests/behavioral/test_visitor.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..31d230de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/behavioral/test_visitor.py
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+import pytest
+
+from patterns.behavioral.visitor import A, B, C, Visitor
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def visitor():
+    return Visitor()
+
+def test_visiting_generic_node(visitor):
+    a = A()
+    token = visitor.visit(a)
+    assert token == 'generic_visit A', "The expected generic object was not called"
+
+def test_visiting_specific_nodes(visitor):
+    b = B()
+    token = visitor.visit(b)
+    assert token == 'visit_B B', "The expected specific object was not called"
+
+def test_visiting_inherited_nodes(visitor):
+    c = C()
+    token = visitor.visit(c)
+    assert token == 'visit_B C', "The expected inherited object was not called"
diff --git a/tests/creational/test_factory.py b/tests/creational/test_factory.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4bcfd4c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/creational/test_factory.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+import unittest
+from patterns.creational.factory import get_localizer, GreekLocalizer, EnglishLocalizer
+
+class TestFactory(unittest.TestCase):
+    def test_get_localizer_greek(self):
+        localizer = get_localizer("Greek")
+        self.assertIsInstance(localizer, GreekLocalizer)
+        self.assertEqual(localizer.localize("dog"), "σκύλος")
+        self.assertEqual(localizer.localize("cat"), "γάτα")
+        # Test unknown word returns the word itself
+        self.assertEqual(localizer.localize("monkey"), "monkey")
+
+    def test_get_localizer_english(self):
+        localizer = get_localizer("English")
+        self.assertIsInstance(localizer, EnglishLocalizer)
+        self.assertEqual(localizer.localize("dog"), "dog")
+        self.assertEqual(localizer.localize("cat"), "cat")
+
+    def test_get_localizer_default(self):
+        # Test default argument
+        localizer = get_localizer()
+        self.assertIsInstance(localizer, EnglishLocalizer)
+
+    def test_get_localizer_unknown_language(self):
+        # Test fallback for unknown language if applicable, 
+        # or just verify what happens. 
+        # Based on implementation: localizers.get(language, EnglishLocalizer)()
+        # It defaults to EnglishLocalizer for unknown keys.
+        localizer = get_localizer("Spanish")
+        self.assertIsInstance(localizer, EnglishLocalizer)
diff --git a/tests/fundamental/test_delegation.py b/tests/fundamental/test_delegation.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..3bfd0496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fundamental/test_delegation.py
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import pytest
+
+from patterns.fundamental.delegation_pattern import Delegator, Delegate
+
+
+def test_delegator_delegates_attribute_and_call():
+    d = Delegator(Delegate())
+    assert d.p1 == 123
+    assert d.do_something("something") == "Doing something"
+    assert d.do_something("something", kw=", hi") == "Doing something, hi"
+
+
+def test_delegator_missing_attribute_raises():
+    d = Delegator(Delegate())
+    with pytest.raises(AttributeError):
+        _ = d.p2
diff --git a/tests/structural/test_bridge.py b/tests/structural/test_bridge.py
index 7fa8a278..6665f327 100644
--- a/tests/structural/test_bridge.py
+++ b/tests/structural/test_bridge.py
@@ -8,9 +8,10 @@ class BridgeTest(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_bridge_shall_draw_with_concrete_api_implementation(cls):
         ci1 = DrawingAPI1()
         ci2 = DrawingAPI2()
-        with patch.object(ci1, "draw_circle") as mock_ci1_draw_circle, patch.object(
-            ci2, "draw_circle"
-        ) as mock_ci2_draw_circle:
+        with (
+            patch.object(ci1, "draw_circle") as mock_ci1_draw_circle,
+            patch.object(ci2, "draw_circle") as mock_ci2_draw_circle,
+        ):
             sh1 = CircleShape(1, 2, 3, ci1)
             sh1.draw()
             cls.assertEqual(mock_ci1_draw_circle.call_count, 1)
@@ -33,9 +34,10 @@ def test_bridge_shall_scale_both_api_circles_with_own_implementation(cls):
         sh2.scale(SCALE_FACTOR)
         cls.assertEqual(sh1._radius, EXPECTED_CIRCLE1_RADIUS)
         cls.assertEqual(sh2._radius, EXPECTED_CIRCLE2_RADIUS)
-        with patch.object(sh1, "scale") as mock_sh1_scale_circle, patch.object(
-            sh2, "scale"
-        ) as mock_sh2_scale_circle:
+        with (
+            patch.object(sh1, "scale") as mock_sh1_scale_circle,
+            patch.object(sh2, "scale") as mock_sh2_scale_circle,
+        ):
             sh1.scale(2)
             sh2.scale(2)
             cls.assertEqual(mock_sh1_scale_circle.call_count, 1)
diff --git a/tests/structural/test_facade.py b/tests/structural/test_facade.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..2ff24ca3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/structural/test_facade.py
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+from patterns.structural.facade import ComputerFacade
+
+
+def test_computer_facade_start(capsys):
+    cf = ComputerFacade()
+    cf.start()
+    out = capsys.readouterr().out
+    assert "Freezing processor." in out
+    assert "Loading from 0x00 data:" in out
+    assert "Jumping to: 0x00" in out
+    assert "Executing." in out
diff --git a/tests/structural/test_flyweight.py b/tests/structural/test_flyweight.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..a200203f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/structural/test_flyweight.py
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+from patterns.structural.flyweight import Card
+
+
+def test_card_flyweight_identity_and_repr():
+    c1 = Card("9", "h")
+    c2 = Card("9", "h")
+    assert c1 is c2
+    assert repr(c1) == "<Card: 9h>"
+
+
+def test_card_attribute_persistence_and_pool_clear():
+    Card._pool.clear()
+    c1 = Card("A", "s")
+    c1.temp = "t"
+    c2 = Card("A", "s")
+    assert hasattr(c2, "temp")
+
+    Card._pool.clear()
+    c3 = Card("A", "s")
+    assert not hasattr(c3, "temp")
diff --git a/tests/structural/test_mvc.py b/tests/structural/test_mvc.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5991c511
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/structural/test_mvc.py
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+import pytest
+
+from patterns.structural.mvc import (
+    ProductModel,
+    ConsoleView,
+    Controller,
+    Router,
+)
+
+
+def test_productmodel_iteration_and_price_str():
+    pm = ProductModel()
+    items = list(pm)
+    assert set(items) == {"milk", "eggs", "cheese"}
+
+    info = pm.get("cheese")
+    assert info["quantity"] == 10
+    assert str(info["price"]) == "2.00"
+
+
+def test_productmodel_get_raises_keyerror():
+    pm = ProductModel()
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError) as exc:
+        pm.get("unknown_item")
+    assert "not in the model's item list." in str(exc.value)
+
+
+def test_consoleview_capitalizer_and_list_and_info(capsys):
+    view = ConsoleView()
+    # capitalizer
+    assert view.capitalizer("heLLo") == "Hello"
+
+    # show item list
+    view.show_item_list("product", ["x", "y"])
+    out = capsys.readouterr().out
+    assert "PRODUCT LIST:" in out
+    assert "x" in out and "y" in out
+
+    # show item information formatting
+    pm = ProductModel()
+    controller = Controller(pm, view)
+    controller.show_item_information("milk")
+    out = capsys.readouterr().out
+    assert "PRODUCT INFORMATION:" in out
+    assert "Name: milk" in out
+    assert "Price: 1.50" in out
+    assert "Quantity: 10" in out
+
+
+def test_show_item_information_missing_calls_item_not_found(capsys):
+    view = ConsoleView()
+    pm = ProductModel()
+    controller = Controller(pm, view)
+
+    controller.show_item_information("arepas")
+    out = capsys.readouterr().out
+    assert 'That product "arepas" does not exist in the records' in out
+
+
+def test_router_register_resolve_and_unknown():
+    router = Router()
+    router.register("products", Controller, ProductModel, ConsoleView)
+    controller = router.resolve("products")
+    assert isinstance(controller, Controller)
+
+    with pytest.raises(KeyError):
+        router.resolve("no-such-path")
diff --git a/tests/test_hsm.py b/tests/test_hsm.py
index f42323a9..5b49fb97 100644
--- a/tests/test_hsm.py
+++ b/tests/test_hsm.py
@@ -58,15 +58,14 @@ def test_given_standby_on_message_switchover_shall_set_active(cls):
         cls.assertEqual(isinstance(cls.hsm._current_state, Active), True)
 
     def test_given_standby_on_message_switchover_shall_call_hsm_methods(cls):
-        with patch.object(
-            cls.hsm, "_perform_switchover"
-        ) as mock_perform_switchover, patch.object(
-            cls.hsm, "_check_mate_status"
-        ) as mock_check_mate_status, patch.object(
-            cls.hsm, "_send_switchover_response"
-        ) as mock_send_switchover_response, patch.object(
-            cls.hsm, "_next_state"
-        ) as mock_next_state:
+        with (
+            patch.object(cls.hsm, "_perform_switchover") as mock_perform_switchover,
+            patch.object(cls.hsm, "_check_mate_status") as mock_check_mate_status,
+            patch.object(
+                cls.hsm, "_send_switchover_response"
+            ) as mock_send_switchover_response,
+            patch.object(cls.hsm, "_next_state") as mock_next_state,
+        ):
             cls.hsm.on_message("switchover")
             cls.assertEqual(mock_perform_switchover.call_count, 1)
             cls.assertEqual(mock_check_mate_status.call_count, 1)