python · yoney · Feb 24, 2026 · Feb 25, 2026 · Feb 26, 2026
diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_dict.h b/Include/internal/pycore_dict.h
@@ -288,7 +288,8 @@ _PyDict_NotifyEvent(PyDict_WatchEvent event,
                     PyObject *value)
 {
     assert(Py_REFCNT((PyObject*)mp) > 0);
-    int watcher_bits = mp->_ma_watcher_tag & DICT_WATCHER_MASK;
+    uint64_t tag = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT64_RELAXED(mp->_ma_watcher_tag);
+    int watcher_bits = tag & DICT_WATCHER_MASK;
     if (watcher_bits) {
         RARE_EVENT_STAT_INC(watched_dict_modification);
         _PyDict_SendEvent(watcher_bits, event, mp, key, value);
@@ -364,7 +365,8 @@ PyDictObject *_PyObject_MaterializeManagedDict_LockHeld(PyObject *);
 static inline Py_ssize_t
 _PyDict_UniqueId(PyDictObject *mp)
 {
-    return (Py_ssize_t)(mp->_ma_watcher_tag >> DICT_UNIQUE_ID_SHIFT);
+    uint64_t tag = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT64_RELAXED(mp->_ma_watcher_tag);
+    return (Py_ssize_t)(tag >> DICT_UNIQUE_ID_SHIFT);
 }
 
 static inline void

@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ extern "C" {
 
 struct _Py_dict_state {
     uint32_t next_keys_version;
+    PyMutex watcher_mutex;        // Protects the watchers array (free-threaded builds)
+    _PyOnceFlag watcher_setup_once; // One-time optimizer watcher setup
     PyDict_WatchCallback watchers[DICT_MAX_WATCHERS];
 };
 

diff --git a/Include/internal/pycore_pyatomic_ft_wrappers.h b/Include/internal/pycore_pyatomic_ft_wrappers.h
@@ -49,6 +49,8 @@ extern "C" {
     _Py_atomic_load_uint16_relaxed(&value)
 #define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT32_RELAXED(value) \
     _Py_atomic_load_uint32_relaxed(&value)
+#define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT64_RELAXED(value) \
+    _Py_atomic_load_uint64_relaxed(&value)
 #define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_ULONG_RELAXED(value) \
     _Py_atomic_load_ulong_relaxed(&value)
 #define FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELAXED(value, new_value) \
@@ -125,7 +127,14 @@ extern "C" {
     _Py_atomic_load_ullong_relaxed(&value)
 #define FT_ATOMIC_ADD_SSIZE(value, new_value) \
     (void)_Py_atomic_add_ssize(&value, new_value)
+#define FT_ATOMIC_ADD_UINT64(value, new_value) \
+    (void)_Py_atomic_add_uint64(&value, new_value)
+#define FT_ATOMIC_OR_UINT64(value, new_value) \
+    (void)_Py_atomic_or_uint64(&value, new_value)
+#define FT_ATOMIC_AND_UINT64(value, new_value) \
+    (void)_Py_atomic_and_uint64(&value, new_value)
 #define FT_MUTEX_LOCK(lock) PyMutex_Lock(lock)
+#define FT_MUTEX_LOCK_FLAGS(lock, flags) PyMutex_LockFlags(lock, flags)
 #define FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(lock) PyMutex_Unlock(lock)
 
 #else
@@ -144,6 +153,7 @@ extern "C" {
 #define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT8_RELAXED(value) value
 #define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT16_RELAXED(value) value
 #define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT32_RELAXED(value) value
+#define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT64_RELAXED(value) value
 #define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_ULONG_RELAXED(value) value
 #define FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELAXED(value, new_value) value = new_value
 #define FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELEASE(value, new_value) value = new_value
@@ -182,7 +192,11 @@ extern "C" {
 #define FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_ULLONG_RELAXED(value) value
 #define FT_ATOMIC_STORE_ULLONG_RELAXED(value, new_value) value = new_value
 #define FT_ATOMIC_ADD_SSIZE(value, new_value) (void)(value += new_value)
+#define FT_ATOMIC_ADD_UINT64(value, new_value) (void)(value += new_value)
+#define FT_ATOMIC_OR_UINT64(value, new_value) (void)(value |= new_value)
+#define FT_ATOMIC_AND_UINT64(value, new_value) (void)(value &= new_value)
 #define FT_MUTEX_LOCK(lock) do {} while (0)
+#define FT_MUTEX_LOCK_FLAGS(lock, flags) do {} while (0)
 #define FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(lock) do {} while (0)
 
 #endif

diff --git a/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_dict_watcher.py b/Lib/test/test_free_threading/test_dict_watcher.py
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+import unittest
+
+from test.support import import_helper, threading_helper
+
+_testcapi = import_helper.import_module("_testcapi")
+
+ITERS = 100
+NTHREADS = 20
+
+
+@threading_helper.requires_working_threading()
+class TestDictWatcherThreadSafety(unittest.TestCase):
+    # Watcher kinds from _testcapi
+    EVENTS = 0  # appends dict events as strings to global event list
+
+    def test_concurrent_add_clear_watchers(self):
+        """Race AddWatcher and ClearWatcher from multiple threads.
+
+        Uses more threads than available watcher slots (5 user slots out
+        of DICT_MAX_WATCHERS=8).
+        """
+        results = []
+
+        def worker():
+            for _ in range(ITERS):
+                try:
+                    wid = _testcapi.add_dict_watcher(self.EVENTS)
+                except RuntimeError:
+                    continue  # All slots taken
+                self.assertGreaterEqual(wid, 0)
+                results.append(wid)
+                _testcapi.clear_dict_watcher(wid)
+
+        threading_helper.run_concurrently(worker, NTHREADS)
+
+        # Verify at least some watchers were successfully added
+        self.assertGreater(len(results), 0)
+
+    def test_concurrent_watch_unwatch(self):
+        """Race Watch and Unwatch on the same dict from multiple threads."""
+        wid = _testcapi.add_dict_watcher(self.EVENTS)
+        dicts = [{} for _ in range(10)]
+
+        def worker():
+            for _ in range(ITERS):
+                for d in dicts:
+                    _testcapi.watch_dict(wid, d)
+                for d in dicts:
+                    _testcapi.unwatch_dict(wid, d)
+
+        try:
+            threading_helper.run_concurrently(worker, NTHREADS)
+
+            # Verify watching still works after concurrent watch/unwatch
+            _testcapi.watch_dict(wid, dicts[0])
+            dicts[0]["key"] = "value"
+            events = _testcapi.get_dict_watcher_events()
+            self.assertIn("new:key:value", events)
+        finally:
+            _testcapi.clear_dict_watcher(wid)
+
+    def test_concurrent_modify_watched_dict(self):
+        """Race dict mutations (triggering callbacks) with watch/unwatch."""
+        wid = _testcapi.add_dict_watcher(self.EVENTS)
+        d = {}
+        _testcapi.watch_dict(wid, d)
+
+        def mutator():
+            for i in range(ITERS):
+                d[f"key_{i}"] = i
+                d.pop(f"key_{i}", None)
+
+        def toggler():
+            for i in range(ITERS):
+                _testcapi.watch_dict(wid, d)
+                d[f"toggler_{i}"] = i
+                _testcapi.unwatch_dict(wid, d)
+
+        workers = [mutator, toggler] * (NTHREADS // 2)
+        try:
+            threading_helper.run_concurrently(workers)
+            events = _testcapi.get_dict_watcher_events()
+            self.assertGreater(len(events), 0)
+        finally:
+            _testcapi.clear_dict_watcher(wid)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    unittest.main()
diff --git a/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C_API/2026-02-25-13-37-10.gh-issue-145235.-1ySNR.rst b/Misc/NEWS.d/next/C_API/2026-02-25-13-37-10.gh-issue-145235.-1ySNR.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Made :c:func:`PyDict_AddWatcher`, :c:func:`PyDict_ClearWatcher`,
+:c:func:`PyDict_Watch`, and :c:func:`PyDict_Unwatch` thread-safe on the
+:term:`free threaded <free threading>` build.
diff --git a/Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c b/Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 #include "pycore_function.h"      // FUNC_MAX_WATCHERS
 #include "pycore_interp_structs.h" // CODE_MAX_WATCHERS
 #include "pycore_context.h"       // CONTEXT_MAX_WATCHERS
+#include "pycore_lock.h"          // _PyOnceFlag
 
 /*[clinic input]
 module _testcapi
@@ -18,6 +19,14 @@ module _testcapi
 // Test dict watching
 static PyObject *g_dict_watch_events = NULL;
 static int g_dict_watchers_installed = 0;
+static _PyOnceFlag g_dict_watch_once = {0};
+
+static int
+_init_dict_watch_events(void *arg)
+{
+    g_dict_watch_events = PyList_New(0);
+    return g_dict_watch_events ? 0 : -1;
+}
 
 static int
 dict_watch_callback(PyDict_WatchEvent event,
@@ -106,13 +115,10 @@ add_dict_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *kind)
     if (watcher_id < 0) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    if (!g_dict_watchers_installed) {
-        assert(!g_dict_watch_events);
-        if (!(g_dict_watch_events = PyList_New(0))) {
-            return NULL;
-        }
+    if (_PyOnceFlag_CallOnce(&g_dict_watch_once, _init_dict_watch_events, NULL) < 0) {
+        return NULL;
     }
-    g_dict_watchers_installed++;
+    _Py_atomic_add_int(&g_dict_watchers_installed, 1);
     return PyLong_FromLong(watcher_id);
 }
 
@@ -122,10 +128,8 @@ clear_dict_watcher(PyObject *self, PyObject *watcher_id)
     if (PyDict_ClearWatcher(PyLong_AsLong(watcher_id))) {
         return NULL;
     }
-    g_dict_watchers_installed--;
-    if (!g_dict_watchers_installed) {
-        assert(g_dict_watch_events);
-        Py_CLEAR(g_dict_watch_events);
+    if (_Py_atomic_add_int(&g_dict_watchers_installed, -1) == 1) {
+        PyList_Clear(g_dict_watch_events);
     }
     Py_RETURN_NONE;
 }
@@ -164,7 +168,7 @@ _testcapi_unwatch_dict_impl(PyObject *module, int watcher_id, PyObject *dict)
 static PyObject *
 get_dict_watcher_events(PyObject *self, PyObject *Py_UNUSED(args))
 {
-    if (!g_dict_watch_events) {
+    if (_Py_atomic_load_int(&g_dict_watchers_installed) <= 0) {
         PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no watchers active");
         return NULL;
     }

@@ -7842,13 +7842,19 @@ validate_watcher_id(PyInterpreterState *interp, int watcher_id)
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "Invalid dict watcher ID %d", watcher_id);
         return -1;
     }
-    if (!interp->dict_state.watchers[watcher_id]) {
+    PyDict_WatchCallback cb = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_RELAXED(
+        interp->dict_state.watchers[watcher_id]);
+    if (cb == NULL) {
         PyErr_Format(PyExc_ValueError, "No dict watcher set for ID %d", watcher_id);
         return -1;
     }
     return 0;
 }
 
+// In free-threaded builds, Add/Clear serialize on watcher_mutex and publish
+// callbacks with release stores. SendEvent reads them lock-free using
+// acquire loads.
+
 int
 PyDict_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject* dict)
 {
@@ -7860,7 +7866,8 @@ PyDict_Watch(int watcher_id, PyObject* dict)
     if (validate_watcher_id(interp, watcher_id)) {
         return -1;
     }
-    ((PyDictObject*)dict)->_ma_watcher_tag |= (1LL << watcher_id);
+    FT_ATOMIC_OR_UINT64(((PyDictObject*)dict)->_ma_watcher_tag,
+                        1ULL << watcher_id);
     return 0;
 }
 
@@ -7875,36 +7882,48 @@ PyDict_Unwatch(int watcher_id, PyObject* dict)
     if (validate_watcher_id(interp, watcher_id)) {
         return -1;
     }
-    ((PyDictObject*)dict)->_ma_watcher_tag &= ~(1LL << watcher_id);
+    FT_ATOMIC_AND_UINT64(((PyDictObject*)dict)->_ma_watcher_tag,
+                         ~(1ULL << watcher_id));
     return 0;
 }
 
 int
 PyDict_AddWatcher(PyDict_WatchCallback callback)
 {
+    int watcher_id = -1;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
 
+    FT_MUTEX_LOCK_FLAGS(&interp->dict_state.watcher_mutex,
+                        _Py_LOCK_DONT_DETACH);
     /* Some watchers are reserved for CPython, start at the first available one */
     for (int i = FIRST_AVAILABLE_WATCHER; i < DICT_MAX_WATCHERS; i++) {
         if (!interp->dict_state.watchers[i]) {
-            interp->dict_state.watchers[i] = callback;
-            return i;
+            FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELEASE(interp->dict_state.watchers[i], callback);
+            watcher_id = i;
+            goto done;
         }
     }
-
     PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeError, "no more dict watcher IDs available");
-    return -1;
+done:
+    FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(&interp->dict_state.watcher_mutex);
+    return watcher_id;
 }
 
 int
 PyDict_ClearWatcher(int watcher_id)
 {
+    int res = 0;
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
+    FT_MUTEX_LOCK_FLAGS(&interp->dict_state.watcher_mutex,
+                        _Py_LOCK_DONT_DETACH);
     if (validate_watcher_id(interp, watcher_id)) {
-        return -1;
+        res = -1;
+        goto done;
     }
-    interp->dict_state.watchers[watcher_id] = NULL;
-    return 0;
+    FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELEASE(interp->dict_state.watchers[watcher_id], NULL);
+done:
+    FT_MUTEX_UNLOCK(&interp->dict_state.watcher_mutex);
+    return res;
 }
 
 static const char *
@@ -7929,7 +7948,8 @@ _PyDict_SendEvent(int watcher_bits,
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
     for (int i = 0; i < DICT_MAX_WATCHERS; i++) {
         if (watcher_bits & 1) {
-            PyDict_WatchCallback cb = interp->dict_state.watchers[i];
+            PyDict_WatchCallback cb = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_PTR_ACQUIRE(
+                interp->dict_state.watchers[i]);
             if (cb && (cb(event, (PyObject*)mp, key, value) < 0)) {
                 // We don't want to resurrect the dict by potentially having an
                 // unraisablehook keep a reference to it, so we don't pass the

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@
 #include "pycore_opcode_metadata.h"
 #include "pycore_opcode_utils.h"
 #include "pycore_pystate.h"       // _PyInterpreterState_GET()
+#include "pycore_pyatomic_ft_wrappers.h" // FT_MUTEX_LOCK/UNLOCK
 #include "pycore_tstate.h"        // _PyThreadStateImpl
 #include "pycore_uop_metadata.h"
 #include "pycore_long.h"
@@ -117,14 +118,15 @@ static int
 get_mutations(PyObject* dict) {
     assert(PyDict_CheckExact(dict));
     PyDictObject *d = (PyDictObject *)dict;
-    return (d->_ma_watcher_tag >> DICT_MAX_WATCHERS) & ((1 << DICT_WATCHED_MUTATION_BITS)-1);
+    uint64_t tag = FT_ATOMIC_LOAD_UINT64_RELAXED(d->_ma_watcher_tag);
+    return (tag >> DICT_MAX_WATCHERS) & ((1 << DICT_WATCHED_MUTATION_BITS) - 1);
 }
 
 static void
 increment_mutations(PyObject* dict) {
     assert(PyDict_CheckExact(dict));
     PyDictObject *d = (PyDictObject *)dict;
-    d->_ma_watcher_tag += (1 << DICT_MAX_WATCHERS);
+    FT_ATOMIC_ADD_UINT64(d->_ma_watcher_tag, 1ULL << DICT_MAX_WATCHERS);
 }
 
 /* The first two dict watcher IDs are reserved for CPython,
@@ -153,6 +155,17 @@ type_watcher_callback(PyTypeObject* type)
     return 0;
 }
 
+static int
+_setup_optimizer_watchers(void *Py_UNUSED(arg))
+{
+    PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
+    FT_ATOMIC_STORE_PTR_RELEASE(
+        interp->dict_state.watchers[GLOBALS_WATCHER_ID],
+        globals_watcher_callback);
+    interp->type_watchers[TYPE_WATCHER_ID] = type_watcher_callback;
+    return 0;
+}
+
 static PyObject *
 convert_global_to_const(_PyUOpInstruction *inst, PyObject *obj, bool pop, bool insert)
 {
@@ -467,10 +480,8 @@ optimize_uops(
 
     // Make sure that watchers are set up
     PyInterpreterState *interp = _PyInterpreterState_GET();
-    if (interp->dict_state.watchers[GLOBALS_WATCHER_ID] == NULL) {
-        interp->dict_state.watchers[GLOBALS_WATCHER_ID] = globals_watcher_callback;
-        interp->type_watchers[TYPE_WATCHER_ID] = type_watcher_callback;
-    }
+    _PyOnceFlag_CallOnce(&interp->dict_state.watcher_setup_once,
+                         _setup_optimizer_watchers, NULL);
 
     _Py_uop_abstractcontext_init(ctx, dependencies);
     _Py_UOpsAbstractFrame *frame = _Py_uop_frame_new(ctx, (PyCodeObject *)func->func_code, NULL, 0);

@@ -320,6 +320,7 @@ _Py_COMP_DIAG_POP
         &(runtime)->allocators.mutex, \
         &(runtime)->_main_interpreter.types.mutex, \
         &(runtime)->_main_interpreter.code_state.mutex, \
+        &(runtime)->_main_interpreter.dict_state.watcher_mutex, \
     }
 
 static void

@@ -464,6 +464,7 @@ Modules/_testcapi/object.c	-	MyObject_dealloc_called	-
 Modules/_testcapi/object.c	-	MyType	-
 Modules/_testcapi/structmember.c	-	test_structmembersType_OldAPI	-
 Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c	-	g_dict_watch_events	-
+Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c	-	g_dict_watch_once	-
 Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c	-	g_dict_watchers_installed	-
 Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c	-	g_type_modified_events	-
 Modules/_testcapi/watchers.c	-	g_type_watchers_installed	-